O-71-12ORDINANCE NO. 0 -71 -12
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 17 AND CHAPTER 27
OF THE MUNICIPAL CODE OF THE VILLAGE OF DEERFIELD
Published in pamphlet form
this 19th day of April ,
1971 by the President and
Board of Trustees of the
Village of Deerfield.
ORDINANCE NO. 0 -71 -12
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 17 AND CHAPTER 27
OF THE MUNICIPAL CODE OF THE VILLAGE OF DEERFIELD
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE PRESIDENT AND BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE VILLAGE
OF DEERFIELD, LAKE AND COOK COUNTIES, AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION That Article 10, Chapter 17 of the Municipal
ONE: Code of Deerfield of 1963, as amended, be and
it is hereby further amended by inserting the word, "Sex" between
the words, "Race" and "Color" each place they appear in the following
Sections of said Chapter:
Section 17.1001, Section 17.1005 (subsections 11 -17)
SECTION That Article 12, Chapter 27 of the Municipal Code
TWO: of Deerfield of 1963, as amended, be and it is
hereby further amended by inserting the word, "Sex" between the words,
"Race" and "Color" each place they appear in the following Sections
of said Chapter:
Section 27.1201 (subsections a and c) Section 27.1202
(subsection c) Section 27.1203 (subsections a -e)
SECTION The Village Clerk.is hereby directed to publish
THREE: this Ordinance in pamphlet form.
SECTION This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect
FOUR: from and after its passage, approval and publication
in the manner provided by law.
AYES: FOUR (4)
NAYS: NONE (0)
ABSENT: TWO (2)
PASSED this 19th day of April A.D. ; 1971
APPROVED this 19th day of Apri , A.D., 1971
Village Presi ent
ATTEST:
y
Village Clerk-
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30 -1.1, FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE
CHAPTER II. TANK STORAGE.
20. Design and Construction of Tanks.
2010. Materials.
2011. Tanks shall be built of steel except as provided in 2012
through 2015.
2012. Tanks may be built of materials other than steel for
installation underground or if requirccl by. the properties of the
liquid stored. Tanks located aboveground or insidc'buildings shall
be of IIOnCoii]bustiblc Construction.
No'rr: in case of doubt, the supplier, producer of the !':amiable or corlt-
bustiblc liquid, or other competent authority should be consulted as it) the
suitability of the material of construction to be used.
2013. Tanks built of materials other than stccl shall be dc-
signed to specifications cinbodving principl „:s recognized as good
engineering design for the a:aterial used and shall be approved
by the authority having jurisdiction.
2014. Unlined concrete tar:ks may be used ;or storing 9ain-
nnable or combustible liquids having a i-ravity of 40 degrees API
or heavier. Concrete tanks with special lining may be used for
other services provided the design is in accordance with sound
engineering practice.
2()15. Tanks inay have con!bustib!c or nuncom!nistiblc
hn ;nos.
2016. Special engineering consideration shall be required
if the specific gravit} of the liquid to be stored exceeds that of water
or if the: tanks are designed to contain f7aininable or combustible
liduic!s at a iiquid temperature bclow zero degrees F.
2020. Fabrication.
21j21. Tanks ,lay be of any shape or type consistent with
sound cnl-incering design.
2022. \ictal tanks shall be welded, riveted and caulked;
brazed, or bolted, or constructed by use of a combination of these
nn'!hucls. filler metal used in brazing sluill be nonferrous metal
or :Ill alluv Navin” a melting point above 1000° F. and below that
of the al juir.cd.
_ 3
'— , s : -. vt. , . -
TANK STORAGE 30, 15
2030. Atmospheric Tanks.
2031. Ati- nospheric_ tans shall be built in \accordance N ith
approved standards'of design. Atmospheric tanks may be built
in accordance with:
(a) Underwriters' Laboratol;es, Inc. Subjects No. 142,
Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for F1arpinaNe and Com-
bustible L:gtticls, 1968; No. 58, Standard for Steel Under,. round
Tanks for Flaniniable and Combustible Liquids. Fifth Edition,
Deceniber 1961 : or No. 0, Standard I0r Steel ins;de Tanks fnr
011- 11iii,ncr Fnel, Scptcinbcr 1963.
(b) An]c-ican Petroleum institute Stanclar�ls No. 12.1,
Specification for Oil Storage Tanks wlih Rivetcd Shelk, Sevcnth
Edition, Sentcinber P51 51 or No. 650, *\Vc':dcd Stet•i Tai:ks fcr Oil
Storal c, Third I'ditiol:, 1966.
Nerr:: �1;uiks which incomor:itc ;u: inter::,:( inet:i'. iic::t :; ,1- cover ,.00h a
tizccl nice ;tl reoC -,cith ::dcyuaic - (-ntilation at ti;c oavt:s ,., ,hc roof irt: con-
sidered Ilo;uiiig roof tanks,
(c) : \acric<iu Pctroicuui Institute `talldarcls No. !?B,
Specii:cation fUr 'Bolted ProductioIl Ta.mks, 1 :1evcnth - Edit:on, \t2v
19:58 and Supplen]cnt 1, March 1962: No. 121), 1ccltion for
Lar-e Weldcd hi•oducton Tanks, S'evciith Ed;L ;oil, Au-wq P)37.;
or No., 12F, S1; c:i 'canon fcr Sniall Wclded Production T nks,
?if1h Edition, \lai-ch 1961. Tanks built in ac., rda Ice x;i h chase
standards shall he used only as production tanks for storage of
crude pctroleuin in oil - producing areas.
2032. Tanks designed for underground service not cxct-cd'li-
2;iU0 "-!nuns capacity Iriay bt: used ahn\;' round. f.•.
2033. Low pressure tanks and pressure vcsscls Ina`: be usc-d
as atmospheric tanks. F
2034. A.,inospheric tanks shall not be ilsed for the slorr�"(' of
1�
a Piaiimlal)lc` or combustible liditid at a tcmperatur at or -hove
Its bollinj point. Kea
2040. L6iv Pr- cssure Tanks.
Ia
2041. The normal operating pressure of the tank sh :dl not
exceed the design pressure of the tank.
2042. Low pressure tanks shall be built in accordance. ',tah
approved standards of design. Low pressure tanks man: be built t
try
in aCCOrdai]CC '.vlth: T8
(a) American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 620,
Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large:, _ 3
71
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_: '., , Vessels; `Scctiblir �I I.I ,pf the � 51�1E- Boiler �A.iid Fressure. Vessels 4 f ;;� '• ,.•{ T le I1 i •� ( _' I, r' ��a -
.Code, 1962 Edition. a: . • ,gym t- ;
2043'. Atlriosphcric Tanks" built 'according' to Underwriter'
Laboratories, 1nc, requircmetits in'aragraph' 2031 ••may.be• used
' for operatim , pressures not exceeding 1 psig and shall be liinited.'
to 2.5 psil;' under emergency venting conditions.
2(144, 1'rc:ssurc vessels, may be used as low pressure tanks. i
r
2050. Pressure Vessels.
2031. The normal operating pressure of the vessel shall not
t exceed the design pressure of the vessel.
q A iii 2052. Pressure vessels shall be built in accordance with the
f,. Code for I'nIired Pressure Vessels, Section \11I1 of the ASME
Boiler ;tnd Pressure Vessels Code, 1962 Edition.
2060. Provisions for Internal Corrosion.
i
r
t' 21101. \ \' ;r:t uinks arc not dcsi,ncd in accordance with the
A;:u lean 1'rtrn!cum Institute'. ,Aerie .,ti, Socictv of ;Mechanical
I;nunce•rs w. III,, l nr!rrwntrrs' L:eborworu•s, Inc.,Standards, or
it corrosion is :1116clp,mvd bcyoncl that provided for in the design
':;_• lornnll;ts used. .additional metal thickness or suitable protective
coatin1"s or limn s shall Ise provided to compensate for the cor-
rosion hiss exlx'ctcd during the desi(,Tn life of the tank.
r.=,' 21. Installation of Outside Aboveground Tanks.
- 2110. Location With Respect to Property Lines and Public
Ways.
2111. Every aboveground tank for the storage of flammable
- or combustible- li uids except- those - liquids with boilovcr_ char -_ ... _
;;,.." -_ -
- •,,.. :
:' Minimum Distance Iii Feet -
-' Minimum Distance'in Feet
!tc 4
r
.�� x r..•.r -a-
-!
rk -A
c,O = actcristics and unstable liquids, operating at pressures not in excess
' . of 2.5 ,psig and equipped with emergency "venting which will not
- permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig shall be'located•in accordance ' �'• r;aa4
with Table I1 -1.
2112. Every aboveground tank for the sterage of flammable
lip or combustible liquids, except those liquids with boil -over char-
= actcristics and unstable flammable or combustible liquids, operating
s Y ;
tp, b :., "r S+ - : (• ,-,� y. qy ty ft *., %
tra,r•^_, ��;
. ��' r w +. � :� _ -,+ b.rK �. •.•r � -tZ :•». i _ ..sr• , r, t •im . tiM k� a..:
s•. � . :e,,A.Re iS ���ra�. vie. -r`�u �`� E•,
of t i .$,�k.;IT"'•l r ai ~ � ' " ; ;4 ' -s "i,$� ..5 s " t c st. . " i t t '� '� t
NY
Are 111S,
sir: �' •_'N ..
30 -18 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE
i at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig or ~equipped with emergency vent-
; ing which will permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig -shall be located
in accordance with Table II -2.*
Table II -2
Type of
Tan!:
Any Type
'Special consideratiun may be given to tanks equipped with. autoin�ttic
depressuring systems.
2113. Every aboveground tank for the storalgc of flammable
or c(1ml)USt;h!c !iclltic!s v; itll h0;1-uvcr characteristics shall he located
in ac'urd !!�c c "' it! -1•a1)1r. 11 3.
Table TI -3
Typc of
Tani:
Flcating
Roc-,'
I
Fixed
Roof
0
Mininum Distance in Feet
Minimum Distance in Feet
Protection
from Property Line
from Nearest Side of
Protection
Which May be Built Upon,
Including the Opposite Side
Any Public Way or from
--- --
of a Public Way
Nearest Important
Building
II times Table 1I -5 but
Protection
I% times Table 11 -5 but
for
shall' not be less than
shall not be less than
Exposures
25 feet
25 feet
times diameter of tank
3 times Table II -5 but
1j, times Table II -5 but
None
shall not be less than
shall not be less than
50 feet
25 feet
'Special consideratiun may be given to tanks equipped with. autoin�ttic
depressuring systems.
2113. Every aboveground tank for the storalgc of flammable
or c(1ml)USt;h!c !iclltic!s v; itll h0;1-uvcr characteristics shall he located
in ac'urd !!�c c "' it! -1•a1)1r. 11 3.
Table TI -3
Typc of
Tani:
Flcating
Roc-,'
I
Fixed
Roof
0
y7 3r'„I`p�$. ula x.$ w tiyp ?c� a 15.a rtr�?i
jT
TANIi STORAGE ; 30 -19
2114. Every aboveground tank for the storage of, unstable
liquids shall be located in accordance with Table II -4.
Table II -4
TTankf
%4::iimum Distance in Feet
Nlinimutn Dis :aricr in Feet
Protection
from Property Line
Which May be Euil, Upon,
from Nearest Side cf
Any Public 7,Vay cr from
Including the Opposite Side
Including the Opposite Side
Nearest important
--- --
of a P :_' lic', ay
Building
Protection
Diameter of tank but
?3 times diameter of
for
need not exceed 175 feet
tank but peed not ex-
Lxposures
ceecl 6C feet
times diameter of tank
? ; times diameter o:
None
but need not exceed 350
I tank but need not ex-
___ feet
i ceed 60 feet
Approved
Vertical
foam
Diam ^.ter of tank but
I lis times diaMcte: of
or
need not exceed 175 feet
tank but need not e:c-
inerting
Emer-
teed 60 feet
System
-
I
Protection
2 times diameter of tank
2iG times diameter of
for
but need not exceed 350
tank but need not ex-
Exposures
feet
teed 120 feet
4 times diameter of tank 1
2� times diameter of
None (
but need not exceed 350 1
tank but need not ex-
to Permit
feet I
coed 120 feet
y7 3r'„I`p�$. ula x.$ w tiyp ?c� a 15.a rtr�?i
jT
TANIi STORAGE ; 30 -19
2114. Every aboveground tank for the storage of, unstable
liquids shall be located in accordance with Table II -4.
Table II -4
TTankf
Protection
from Property Line
Which May be Built Upon,
from Nearest Side of
Any Public Way or from
Horizon- o
an) ,y one 4
Including the Opposite Side
Nearest Important
tal and f
fellowing:
of a Public Way
Building
Tank
— — -
- _--_
protected
with
Hcrizcn-
any one of the
tal and
following:
Vertical
Approved
Tanks
with
% ater spray,
Table II -5 but net less
Vol less than 25 feet
Emer-
Approved
than 25 feet
inerting,
gency
Approved
Relief
insulation
Venting
and
to Permit
!efrilgeratien,
Pressure
,approved
Not in
barricade
Excess of
2.5 psig
Protection
21,! times Table II -5 but
for
not less than 50 feet
Not less than 50 feet
Exposures
--
None
5 time; Table II -5 but
Not less than 100 feet
_
not less than 100 feet
Tank
protected
rb
E
1
i
1
R
1
i
1
i
- Tanks water spray, 2 times Table I1 -5 but Not less than 50 feet
with Approved not less than 50 feet f
Emer- inerting,
gency Approved
Relief insulation 1
Venting and i
to Permit refrigeration, ,
Pressure Approved
- - Over barricade - - -
2.5 psig — L.
Protection 4 times Table II -5 but ['
for not less than 100 feet Not less than 100 feet
Exposures
None 8 times Table II -5 but Not less than 150 feet
not less than 150 feet
t
f
with
Horizon- o
an) ,y one 4
4
tal and f
fellowing:
Vertical i :
:Approved
t
f
I
C
3020 _FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE
— 2115. ' Reference minimum distances for use in Tables II
1 to 4 inclusive.
Table II -5;
Capacity Tank
Gallons
s
275 or less
�r
276 to 750
751 to 12,000
12,001 to 30,000
30.001 to 50,000
`^
50,001 to IOC,C00
700,021 to 500,000
500.007 to 1,000,00C
7;000;001 to 2,000,000
2,0130,C01 to 3,000,000
3,000,0C1 or more
f
.I
7
�J
v�
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Property Line
Which May be Built Upon,
Including the Opposite
Side of a Public Way
5
10
15
20
30
50
so
100
135
165
175
Minimum Distance in
Feet from Nearest Side
of Any Public Way
or from Nearest
Important Building
.5
5
5
5
10
15
25
35
45
55
60
2116. \VlIcrc two tank properties of diverse ownership have
a cunut;o^ boundary, tile,, authority having jurisdiction may, with
the written consent of the wxners of the two properties, substitute
the distances provided in 2121 throu "h 2126 for the minimum
distnncc•s set forth in 2110.
21 1 %. Wherc end failure of horizontal pressure tanks and
!ul!•.• exi-s- properiv, the tank shall be placed with the
lua,iru final axis parallel to the nearest 1!111)ort:!nt exposure.
2120. Si;zzcing !Stich -to- ,lief:) 11c'ween A uovcgresnd Tanks.
2121. The distance hctween any two flanunahle, or com-
bustible liquid stor,uzc tanks shall not be Icss than three feet.
2122. Exccl:t as provided in 2123, the distance between itt\-
t.v,zi ;lei; !c< at lank, shall plot 1;;: less; than crc- sistl! dic still] of thcir
dianu leis cxc pt �'. h: n tltc diameter of one tank is less than onc-
I:caf thr dia:net:'r of tl:c adjacent tank, the dicta ^ce Lte *.wren the 1. t"'o tanks shall not be less than one -lialf, the diameter of the smaller
tank.
2123. Crude petroleum in conjunction with production
facilities ''ocatcd in noncongested areas and having capacities not
excecdin�
126.0'( 1 . gallons 0:000 { ;,t r clsj, the distance bctwceti
such tanks shall not be less than three feet.
2124. Unstable flammable or combustible liquids, the dis-
tance between such tanks shall not be less than one -!calf the sum
of their diameters.
TANK STORAGE
_ � 7
30 -21 sx 5 x
21.25.. When tanks are compacted in three or more rows or
in an rrgular pattern, greater spacing or other means shall be
provided at the discretion of the authority having jurisdiction so
that- inside tanks are accessible for fire fighting purposes.
2126. The minimum separation bctxvccn a liquefied petroleum
gas container and a flammable or combustible liquid storage tank
shall be 20 feet, except in the case of flanunablc or combustible
liquid tanks operating at pressures exceeding 2.5 psig or equipped
with emergency venting which will permit pressures to exceed
2.5 psig in which case the provisions of 2121 and 2122 shall apply.
Suitable means shall be taken to prevent the accumulation of
flaintnable' or combustible liquids under adjacent liquefied petro-
leum gas containers such as by diversion curbs or grading. \1%hen
flammable or combustible liquid storage tanks arc within ,
ithin a diked
area, the liquefied petroleum gas containers shall be outside the
diked area and at least 10 feet away from t{ic center line of the wall
of the diked area. The foregoing provisions shall not apply when
liquefied petrolcufn gas containers of 125 gallons or less capacity
are installed adjacent to fuel oil supply tanks of' 550 gallons or less
capacity... .
2130. Location of Outside Aboveground Tanks with Respect
to Important Buildings on Same Property.
22131. Evc?ry outside aboveground tank shall be separated
Ironl impurta!!t buildings on the same property by distances not
less than those specified in 2111, 2112, 2113 or 2114 whichever is
applicable. The appropriate distance colunin in Tables 11 -1, II -2,
I1 -3, I1 -4 or II -5 tfiat shall be used shall be the one reading:
'Minitnum Distance in Feet from Nearest Side of Anv Public
\\'ay or front N'carest Important Building."
2140. Normal Venting for Aboveground Tanks.
2141. Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adecluatclti vented
to prevent the development of vacuum or pressurc suflicient to
distort tl:e roof of a cone roof tank or exceeding the design pressure
in the case of other atmospheric tanks, as a result of filling or empty-
ing, and atmospheric temperature changes.
2142. Normal vents shall be sized either in.accordance with:
(1) the American Petroleum Institute Guide for Tank Venting.
Rl' -2000; or (2) other accepted standard; or (3) shall be at least.-
a-,; large as the fifliii; O, withdrawal connection, whichever is larger
but in no case less than 1 %4 inch nominal inside diameter.
2143. Low- pressure tanl:s and pressure vessels shall be adc-
quatel)- vented to prevent development of pressure or vacuum,
.as a result of filling or emptying and atmospheric temperature
i
f:
!
I'
s.
i
t
�.. +4 �- 4•h�3'
1
r.
r,
- c tZnca to lmtt Une c.ntcrna pres-
sum 2.5 psi r,r less, tlu: outlet of vents and vent drains shall be
,•
arran�,cd to ciisc!tarc :n such a m:1*nncr as to prevent localized
overheating of any p,:rt of the tank in the event. vapors front such
vents arc ignited.
2116. 'ranks and pressure vessels storing Glass I., liquids
shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be normally
closed except when venting to pressure or vacuum conditions.
Tanks and p:•cssurc vessels storing Class 113 and IC:, liquids shall
Le equipped with venting devices which shall be normally closed
except when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions, or with
approved liannc arresters.
lix:et'ru�: Tanks of 3,1)00 bbls. c:ipacity or Irss contairun,, crude petrolrum
in crude- pr:,clucing areas: anti. outside aboveground alUnospheric tanks under
1,000 g,iilons capacity containing other than (lass IA flanunable liquids may
have (Ten eectts. (Sce Par;igraph 21162.)
21.17. Maine arresters or venting, d,-\-ices required in Para -
grapin 2146 may be atnitted for IB and IG liquids where conditions
arc such that their use- may, in case o!• obstruction, result in tank
damage.
.Ni,rr' : Liquid propertics justif}-ilr the omission of sucl, devices include; but
are not limited to, condensatinu, corrosiveness, crystallization:, polymerization,
frerzir.;,' or plugging. When any of these conditions e:cist, consideration may
be given to heating, use of devices employing specia 1 materials of construction,
the use of liquid seals, or inertia, (s(!c Standard for lnerting for fire and Ex-
plosion Prevention, NFPA No. 69).
2150. Emergency Relief Venting for Fire Exposure for Above-
ground Tanks.
2151. Every aboveground storage tank shall have some form
of construction or device that will relieve- excessive internal pres-
;. sure.caused by exposure fires.
d. 2152. In.a :vertical tank 'the' construction referred. to in 2151-
may take the form-of a floating roof, lifter roof, a weak roof -to -shell -
reactivity shall be taken into account. The total capacity of both
normal and emergency venting devices shall be not less than that
derived from Table 1h6 except as provided it. 2155 or 2156. Such
device may be a selfclosing manhole cover, or one using long bolts
that permit the cover to lift under internal pressure, or an addi-
tional or larger relief valve or valves. The wetted area of the tank
shalll be calculated on the basis of 55 per cent of the tota! exposed
area of a sphere or spheroid, 75 per cent of the total exposed area
of a horizontal tank and the first 30 feet abovegrade of the exposed
shell area of a vertical tank.
NOTE: See Appendix A for the square footage of typical tank: sizes.
Table II -6
Wetted Area Versus Cubic Feet Free Air pe: Hcur
(14.7 psia and 60° F.)
Sq. Ft.
CFH
Sq. Ft.
CFH
Sq. Ft.
C: H
20
21,100
200
211,000
1,000
524,000
30
31,600
250
239,000
i *
55710-20
40
�t
t
265,000
20--22 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUMS CODE
TA \111 STORAGE 30-23
i
-
`
350
changes, from exceeding the design pressure of the tank or vessel.
seam, or other approved pressure relieving construction. The weak
614,000
60
63,200
Protection shall also be provided to prevent overpressure from any
roof-to-shell seam shall be constructed to fail preferential to any
F
x wa
70
pump discharging into the tank or verse: when the pump discharge
other seam.'
354,000 -
2,000
662,000
pressure can exceed the design pressure of the tank er vessel.
84,200
t=
-
2,400
704,000
2153. Where entire dependence for emergency relief is placed
94,860
700
428,000
2144. If 'any tank or pressure vessel has more than one fill
Upon pressure relieving devices; the total venting capacity of both
100
105,000
800
or Nvithdrawal connection and simultaneous filling or withdrawal
norulal and emergency vents shall be enough to prevent rupture of
120
126,000
can be madr, the vent size shall be based on the maximum antici-
the shell or bottom of the tank if vertical, or of the shell or heads if
j
140
gated simultaneous flow.
horizontal. If unstable liquids are stored, the effects of meat or gas
T
jl
X145 L ?piers the vent is Its 1' i .,
resulting from polymerization, decomposition, condensation, or self-
`
- c tZnca to lmtt Une c.ntcrna pres-
sum 2.5 psi r,r less, tlu: outlet of vents and vent drains shall be
,•
arran�,cd to ciisc!tarc :n such a m:1*nncr as to prevent localized
overheating of any p,:rt of the tank in the event. vapors front such
vents arc ignited.
2116. 'ranks and pressure vessels storing Glass I., liquids
shall be equipped with venting devices which shall be normally
closed except when venting to pressure or vacuum conditions.
Tanks and p:•cssurc vessels storing Class 113 and IC:, liquids shall
Le equipped with venting devices which shall be normally closed
except when venting under pressure or vacuum conditions, or with
approved liannc arresters.
lix:et'ru�: Tanks of 3,1)00 bbls. c:ipacity or Irss contairun,, crude petrolrum
in crude- pr:,clucing areas: anti. outside aboveground alUnospheric tanks under
1,000 g,iilons capacity containing other than (lass IA flanunable liquids may
have (Ten eectts. (Sce Par;igraph 21162.)
21.17. Maine arresters or venting, d,-\-ices required in Para -
grapin 2146 may be atnitted for IB and IG liquids where conditions
arc such that their use- may, in case o!• obstruction, result in tank
damage.
.Ni,rr' : Liquid propertics justif}-ilr the omission of sucl, devices include; but
are not limited to, condensatinu, corrosiveness, crystallization:, polymerization,
frerzir.;,' or plugging. When any of these conditions e:cist, consideration may
be given to heating, use of devices employing specia 1 materials of construction,
the use of liquid seals, or inertia, (s(!c Standard for lnerting for fire and Ex-
plosion Prevention, NFPA No. 69).
2150. Emergency Relief Venting for Fire Exposure for Above-
ground Tanks.
2151. Every aboveground storage tank shall have some form
of construction or device that will relieve- excessive internal pres-
;. sure.caused by exposure fires.
d. 2152. In.a :vertical tank 'the' construction referred. to in 2151-
may take the form-of a floating roof, lifter roof, a weak roof -to -shell -
reactivity shall be taken into account. The total capacity of both
normal and emergency venting devices shall be not less than that
derived from Table 1h6 except as provided it. 2155 or 2156. Such
device may be a selfclosing manhole cover, or one using long bolts
that permit the cover to lift under internal pressure, or an addi-
tional or larger relief valve or valves. The wetted area of the tank
shalll be calculated on the basis of 55 per cent of the tota! exposed
area of a sphere or spheroid, 75 per cent of the total exposed area
of a horizontal tank and the first 30 feet abovegrade of the exposed
shell area of a vertical tank.
NOTE: See Appendix A for the square footage of typical tank: sizes.
Table II -6
Wetted Area Versus Cubic Feet Free Air pe: Hcur
(14.7 psia and 60° F.)
Sq. Ft.
CFH
Sq. Ft.
CFH
Sq. Ft.
C: H
20
21,100
200
211,000
1,000
524,000
30
31,600
250
239,000
1,200
55710-20
40
42,100
300
265,000
1,400
587,000
so
52,700
350
288;000
1,600
614,000
60
63,200
400
312,000
1,800
639,000
70
73,700
500
354,000 -
2,000
662,000
80
84,200
600
392,000
2,400
704,000
90
94,860
700
428,000
2,800
742,000
100
105,000
800
462,000
and over
120
126,000
900
493,000
140
147,000
1,000
524,000
160
168,CC0
180
190,000
200
211,000
NOTE: Interpolate for intermediate values.
2154. For tanks and storage vessels designed for pressures
over 1 psig, the total rate of venting "shall be determined in accord -
ance with Table II -6, except that when the exposed wetted area
of the surface is. greater than 2,800 sq. ft., the total rate of venting
shall be calculated by the following formula:
"� 7t •-t�s^�a,+ors•�zr- �+m�r*"`w",.- `"°"'^vim- _.._ f
`G�iA°�_ Vii. - fi7tgS •Stv ��. �.� r _ r, a_ Lyt
M` i ; i • • rs; ,c .s, - 4 4 ;--- . � � -t' n �..:F� t' . ' �P - � _ ,.k'" � ". WWI
_
- +, r6 -i�+:x ' o . + '.s _ 'max ,. . Y3ir; .t�+i , ;•.r _, e. �+C,; . .A .a¢ xw i:,.' ..� - t Vii' 4 c. ..
i'
i'
I
is
1
. �4a
7,
•t, Y r
t
i
1
..i':_r,�f'.���1Cza.�� �..e .a. ,. ..rns.. �.� '�' :..ny m. .», ., � -.. �]•.P :�'C' - - .Jy - - ,�
30 -24 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE
CFH = 1,107 A 0.82 ;.
Where: -
CFH = venting requirement, in cubic feet of free air per hour.
A = exposed wetted surface, in square feet.
Num 1: The foregoing formula is based on Q = 21,000 A 0.8=.
2155. The total emergency relief venting capacity for any
specific stable liquid may be determined by the following formula:
Cubic feet of free air per hour = V 1337_
L �/ M.
V = cubic feet of free air per hour front Table I1 -6.
L = latent heat of vaporization of specific liquid in Btu
per lb.
M = molecular weight of specif c iiquids.
2156. The required air flow rate of 2153 or 2155 may be
multiplied by the appropriate factor listed in the following sclicdule
when protection is provided as indicated. Only one factor may
be used for any one tank.
.5 for drainage in accordance with 2172 for tanks over 200
square feet of wetted area.
.3 for approved water spray.
.3 for approved insulation.
.15 for approved water spray with approved insulation.
2157. The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks
equipped with emergency venting to permit pressures exceeding
2.5 psig shall be arranged to discharge in such a way as to prevent
localized overheating of any part of the tank, in the event vapors
from such vents are ignited.
2158. Each commercial tank venting device shall have
stamped on it the opening pressure, the pressure at which the
valve reaches the full open position, and the flow capacity at the
latter pressure, expressed in cubic ,feet per hour of air at 60 °F and
at a pressure of 14.7 psia.
2159. The flow capacity of tank venting devices 12 in. and
smaller in nominal pipe size shall be determined by actual test
of each type and size of vent. These flow tests may be conducted
by the manufacturer if certified by a qualified impartial observer,
� y
' TANK STORAGE 30 25
; r
or may be conducted by 'an :outside agency. The flow capacity
; ' "�;
of tank venting devices larger than 12 in. nominal pipe size, in-,
eluding manhole covers with long bolts or equivalent, may be cal-
culatcd provided that the opening pressure is actually measured,
the rating pressure and corresponding free orifice area are stated,
's
the word "calculated" appears on the naineplate, and the com-
putation is based on a floe coefficient of 0.5 applied to the rated
orifice area.
1160. Ve-t Piping for Abaveground Tanks.
2161. Vent piping shall be constructed in accc,rda nce .�4.h
-
Chapter I1I.
2162. Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I
liquids arc: adjacent to buildings or public -ways, they shall be
located so that the vapors are released at a safe point outside of
buildings and not less than 12 feet above the ac!jacent ,ground level.
In order to aid their aispersion, vapors shall be disclrar',Cd upi - :ard
or lror izontally away from closely adjacent walls. Vent outlets
shall be located so that ilanruable vai)ors will not be trapped by
eaves or other obstructions and shall be at least five feet from
building openings.
2163. Whcn .ank vent piping is :nanifolded, pipe sizes shall
i,e such as to clischar,ge, w it, the pressure lirn;.ations of the
system, file vapors they may he required to handle v:hen mani-
foldccl tanks are subject to the same fire exposure.
Nur :-.: The manifolding of tank vent piping should be avoided c:ccept •,vhcre
required for special purposes such as vapor recovery, vapor conservation or air
pollution control. The possible hazards of cross contamination of tank contents
should be eonsidcrcd when tan : :s are manifoldecl through vent piping.
2170. Dra :page, Dikes and 'Walls for Aboveground Tant-s.
2171. DRAINAGE AND DICED ArFAS: The area surrounding
a tank or a group of tanks shall be provided with drainage as in
-
Paragraph 2172, or shall be diked as provided in Paragraph 2173,
r
to prevent accidental discharge of liquid from endangering adjoin-
ing property or- reaching waterways,- except that in -particular in=
- - -
stallations these provisions may be' waived or altered at the dis-
cretion of the authority having jurisdiction when the tanks under
consideration do not constitute a hazard to adjoining property.
2172. DRAINAGE: Where protection of adjoining prcpe:ty
or watcr;vays is by nneans of a natural or man -made drainage
system, such systems shall comply with the following:
r
30 -26 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE
'TANK STORAGE - 30-2.7 '
'water
(a) A slope of not less than 1 13er cent away from the
tank toward the drainage- system shall be '
(e) .Where provision is. made 'for. draining from
e.+ `•'�
provided.
diked areas, drainage shall be provided at a- uniform slope of not
1`
:.
(b) The drainage system shall terminate
less than one per cent away from tanks toward a sump, drainbox
, r -
in vacant land
– or other area or in an impounding basin having capacity not
or other safe means of disposal located at the greatest practical
distance from the tank. Such drains shall normally be controlled
rp .
.,
smaller than that of the largest tank served. This germination area
and the route of the drainage system
in a manner so as to prevent flammable or combustible liquids
;.
shall be so located that, if the
flammable or combustible liquids in the drainage
from entering natural water courses, public sewers, or public drains,
-'
a
system are ignited,
the fire will not seriously expose tanks or adjoining
if their presence would constitute a hazard. Contrul of drainage
fire
property.
shall be accessible under conditions.
a.
(c) The drainage system, including automatic drainage
(f) No loose combustible material, empty Or fall drum
.g
pumps, shall not discharge to adjoining property, natural water
courses, public sewers, or drains
or barrel, shall be periuittcd within the diked area.
public unless the discharge of
flammable or combustible liquids would
not constitute a hazard
or the system is so designed that it
(g) Each diked area containing two or more tanks shall
will not permit flammable or y
combustible liquids to be released.
be sub - divided preferably by draina <,c channels or at least by inter-
mediate curbs in order to prevent spills from[ cndan'crinl; adjacent
2173. _DIKED AREAS: Where protection of adjoining
tanks within die diked area as follows:
I
property
or waterways is accomplished by retaining ilne liquid around the
tank by means dike,
(1) \A;
��. _�. .-FV ,' ix. 1'"' :. r'i'm a` ? jM• :[.. .. A g yNq.4 kp:s. �{"' 7
sa 30_28 FLAAIAIABLE AND COA4BUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE
P �G
2190. Tank Openings Other Than
Tanks. Vents for Aboveground
t 2191. Connections. for' all tank openings shall be vapor and
liquidtight. Vents are covered in Sections 2140 through 2160.
A 2192. Each connection to an aboveground tank through
which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal
or an external valve located as close as practical to the shell of
i the tank. Such valves, when' external, and their connections to
i the tank shall be of steel except when the chemical characteristics
' of the liquid stored are incompatible with steel. �Nhen materials
other than steel are necessary, they shall be suitable for the pressures,
structural stresses and temperatures involved, including fire ex-
posures.
3 Hors: Flanged connections are preferred in sizes three inches and larger.
2193• Each connection below the liquid level through which
liquid does riot normally flow shall be provided with a liquid -tight
closure. TI:is may be a valve, plug or blind, or a combination
of these.
229.1. Openings for ;aging shall be provided with a vapor-
tight cap or cover.
2195. For Class M and Class IC liquids other than crude
i oils, gasolines and asphalts, the fill pipe shall be so designecl and
i- ^•stalled as to minimize the possibility of generating static electricity.
A fit pipe entering the top of a tank shall terminate with* I six
l inches of the bottom of the tank and shall be installed to avoid
excessive vibration.
i
2196. Filling and emptying connections which are made and
broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from
any source of ignition and not less than five feet away from any
building opening. Such connection shall be closed and liquidtight
_ when not in use. The connection shall be properly identified.
22. Installation of Underground Tanks.
2210. Location: Excavation for underground storage tanks shall
be made with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of
existing structures. Underground tanks-or tanks" under - buildings
shall be so located with respect to existing building foundations
and supports that the loads carried by the latter cannot be trans-
mitted to the tank. The distance from any part of a tank storing
Class I liquids to the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be
not less than one foot, and to any property lire that may be built
upon, not less than three feet. The distance from any part of a
u _ V-. y1{
T .. An:- i.: ., .y ss• �i� .,'q
.; u y�
TANK STORAGE 3Q —`29
°$ r
tank storing Class II•,or Class III liquids to the nearest wall_of.any
basement, pit or property line shall be not less than one foot_t�:
2220. Depth and Cover: Underground tanks shall be set on firm;
foundations and surrounded with at least six inches of noncorrosive,
�E
inert materials such as clean sand, earth or gravel well tamped
It
in place. The tank shall be placed in the hole with care since
dropping or rolling the tank into the hole can break a weld, punc-
ture or damage the tank or scrape off the protective coating of
4
coated tanks. Tanks shall be covered with a minimum of two feet
of earth, or shall be covered ),vith not less than one foot of earth,
oil top of ,which shall be placed a slab of reinforced concrete not
less than four incises thick. When underground tanks are, or are
likely to be, subjected to trailic, they shall be protected against
damage from vehicles passing over then k>y at ]cast three feet of
!;
earth cover, or 18 inches of weal - tamped earth, plus six inches of
reinforced concrete or ei lit incies of asphaltic concrete. \Vhen 1
asphaltic or reinforcccl concrete paving is used as part of the pro- 1
tection, it shall extend at Icast one loot horizontally beyond the i
outline of the tank in all directions.
2230. Ccrros:on °rotec *.ion: Corrosion protection for tic tank i
and its piping shall be provided by one or more of the following
methods: (1) use of protective coatings or v:rappin s; (2) cathodic
protection; or, (3) corrosion: r •sistant materials of construction.
No-n- ,: Selection of the type of protection to be employed should be based
Upon the corrosion history of the area and the judgment of a qualified engineer.
2240. Vents.
2241. LOCATION AND ARRANG.P-MENT OF VENTS FOR CLAY, I
Liw)ums: Vent pipes front tanks sforiu 'O' Class I liquids Shall br so
located that the discharge point is outside of hitilclP:gs, higher than
the fill pipe opening, and not less than 12 feet abo. e tine adjacent
ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only upward in order- to
disperse vapors. Vent pipes two inches or less in nominal inside
diameter shall not be obstructed by devices that will cause c:':cessive
back pressure. Vent pipe outlets shall be so located that flanunable
vapors will not enter building openings, or be tripped under eaves
or other obstructions. if the vein pipe is less than tell feet in 1[nrgth
or greater than two incises in nominal inside diameter, the Outlet
shall be provided with a vacuum and pressure relief device or there
shall be an approved flame arrester located in the vent line at the
outlet or within the approved distance from the outlet.
2242. SIZE or VENTS: Each tank shall be vented through
Piping adequate in size to prevent blow -back of vapor or liquid
- - ~ v
s-
1
.f�
IT
30 -30 i V '
FLAMIIIABLE '
AND COM13tTSTIBLEwLI a t '
QUIDS CODE i »
at the fill opening while tank is bein - TANK STORAGE",' 30 -31.
not less than 1 ,
1 ' %inch .nominal inside g filled' Vent pipes shall'`= , g
1 de be = m th
diameter.-: • system, e vapors they. may be required:.to handle when mani- ' � ""'
is largeor, the vent
the tank design
folded tanks are filled simultaneously. ; ?
in accordance with Table II -7 will prevent or withdrawal rate whichever
:5 seeding 2.5 psi pressure. Vent piping sized NOTE: The manifolding of tank vent piping should be avoided except f'
g• pressure in the tank from ex- where required for special purposes such as vapor recovery, vapor conservation !
or air pollution control. The possible hazards of cross contamination of tank jT
contents should be considered when tanks are manifolded through vent piping. ' ?i
Table II -7
Vent Line Diameters 2250. Tank Openings Othcr Than Vents. t
Iilaaimum Flow 2251. Connections for all tank opening
GPTU Pipe s shall be vapor or
} pe Leagth* liquid tight.
50 ft. 100 f ;.
I 100 200 ft,
11 /a -inch 2252. Openings for manual m r '
200 11 Pc 5 ,wing, if independent of the j
-inch Novi with a li uidtig
1 % -inch 1 }/ -inch fill wipe shall b °� provided
,ht cap or cover. If
� 300 i i 1 Y4-inch i t] � �
:00 1�. _inch 11 111�_iach side a uuildin , each suci] opening shall be protected aq;;inst
} i ; / -inch 'i - i
5t70 1/, -.nch 1 }� -i 1 % -iilCh 11Cluld GVcI- 1.O'. \' end pOssible vapor r(:1CaSC l)V }I1Ca?S Of a Sl;:'11 ?g
i 1 V,-inch nch , . loaded check vaivc or other al]proved device. :1
X00 l !, -inch - --inch
700 1 -inch 2 -inch i
1 2 -inch 2-inch 2 -inch 2253. Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks Gnly throu,'h
800 , . 2 -inch the to Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank.
900 inch 2 -inch 2 inch P
1000 2 -inch Mach 3-inch
2 -:nch 3 -inch 2254• For Class 13 nd Class IC Liquids other than crude
2 -inch oils, gasolines and asphalts the fill
*Vent lines -inch pipe shall be so dcsigncd and
of 50 ft., 100 ft, and 2 installed as to minimize the possibility of gcncratii]g static deo-
00 ft. of pipe P' -us 7 ells.
tricity by te::ninating Nvithiri six iaChes of the bottom of the tan
ever is lar�eri he rot size depends upon !he 5 k• larger, tl.c vent line Icn� P e lone or Withdrawal rate which- 2255. FiLin� and cinptying connections �r! ?ich are made
sized in accordance �•;ith this table wiillltpreve t theiprepssureLin the tank from Gild broken shall be 1GCaied outside Uf building
exceeding 2.5 prig Piping s at a iocation free i
front any source of ignition and not less than five feet away f"O111
any building opening. Such Connection shall be closed ar.0 !iquid-
2243. Loe:�T }o� .4,�D tight when not in use. The connection shall be props :'1v iclentificd. ri
OR CLASS IlI aRRAYCES1ENr Or �7E1'7a FOR CLASS II
Class III Lr2i, }D'' ��ent pipes from
flammable li i s tan!;s storing Class II or
and higher than the fill q i hall terminate outside of building 23• Installation of Tan's inside of Buildings.
nor}nal snow level, Pipe opcnin
g• Vent outlets shall be above �
screens or other devices e o may fitted nress of forei -n 11ids, coarse 2310• Location: Tanks sl,'all not be permitted inside of l,uilciir:Zs
2244 ,n material. -
except as provided in Chapters V, VII, VIII or 11.
Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance with
Chapter 3. Vent pipes shall be so laid as to drain toward the tank
Without sa - _ °X20. Events:" Veiits for t i;Iks inside of buildings shall be as pro- _- - -- - -
located so tlla� thcypti .ills }got bc]s�ibjte cod to collect. vided in 2140, 2150, 2162 and 2210 except that emerc ncy venting
tank end of the vent i They shall be 1 "
physical da }i]ag he by the use of %weak roof scams on tanks shall not be per11]itted.
Pipe shall enter the tank through the top. Vents shall discharge vapors outside the buildings.
2245. j`Jl1Cn tank vent piping is manifolded, Wipe sizes shall '
be such as to discharge, within the � �
pre -s>>re limitations of the ane 2330. Vent
III. Vent piping shall be eonstructcd in accord- ; sz
._ -
.
r .r
t-
30 -32 -FLAMMABLE AND CONIBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE , C.
2340. Tank Openings Other Than Vents. '
2341. Connections for all tank opening=s shall be vapor or
liquidtight. Vents are covered in 2320.
3342. Each connection to a tank inside of buildings through+
Which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal
or an external valve located as (:lose as practical to the shell of the
tank. .5ucli v5lves, %%-hen external, and their connections to the tank
shall be of steel except � hen the chemical characteristics of the
liquid stored ;Irc incompatible -,vitll steel. When n:,tterials other
than stet'l arc necessary, then shall be suitable for the pressures,
stt'uctt!:' ;Il strc,scs ;md Willp('ratures involved, including fire ex-
posures. 1
P!aIlQcd co:im•ct;ons arc preferred ;n sizes tiu-c•c inches and larger.
3343. l gal :rn ;ibic or com!Aistible liquid tan!cs located inside
of huiidi" S, (:xi TL Ill one - SLUT \' 1JUilchngS CICtiI,lj *ned all(! protected
!ur I1 ;, ; ;!; ;!able ur ron.bustiblc liquid storage, shall be provided with
an autol ::atic -closi heat- ;.Ictuatcd valve on each withdrawal
connection hc!vw the liquid level, except for connections used for
cir.er�e :.cv c!is! ;,)sa!, to prevent continued flow in the event of fire
In the' v:ciility of file tank. This 1"UnCLlon ntav be incorporated in
the v�alvc rcgt!;rcd ;;? 23 12, aIlld if a separate valve, shall be located
;I(! "C"!!t to (L`(• ,•al`.'e regtlircd in 2--4-,
or manu ;il ga ink il' indt'i)citdrt,t of tl:c
fit. pip" (Fcc.
I.. �.= .i /)i. l71'ul ;elf' :l \•, ,;t n '7 '
CO � , ! i! :1 \' !l P rt [gilt cap or �.
l=ief: su('lt
. jossc sna !
I he rn e(tflu`t ,m !iguid over -
!('age In ins of ;! s;1uri;: !oad('d check
!1'l' Uth('r i :lirc:•,'('i! C1, ". :C(•. ��.,
C.
::ks cunt ::inn: C1.: =s l lirfuid, should be moidcd. _
Sul,.,titln s f u' n:;uiu•:I g;u in ncludc. I,ut :::c• nut lir:ited to, hcm'v duty flat
•g, n :a?nr•,; -
c. Ise d: a ,IiI: or hydrusuit,r rcntute reading 6- vices and
2345. hoe Caass 113
Ind Class IC.. licluids other than crude
oils .;: •)!i::us ;,ii(:i ! t 1
:'jJila.tS, t,.l` 1!ll iJi )(' shall I)c Su (('5i'-�ncd and
ii.stall(`( as t) n :it :irliz' the possibiiit� of ccncratin� static cicc-
triciiv h;' tcrntinating wiil,i;
a six incises of the bottom of the tank.
2316• The fill pipe inside of the tank shall be installed to
avoid ,xcc .ssivc v;bratior of rile pipe.
231- The- Mict -of the fill - pipe shall be located outside of
buildings at a location free from any source of and not
less than fire feet away froin any
building opening. The inlet of
f t ill he fill pipe shall be closed and liquidtight w n
i he not in use T'
`
TA N I: 5TO xnG 30 —:3a
?348. -Tanks inside buildings- shall be equipped with a. de-
vice, or other i_neans .shall be provided, to-prevent overflow into
the building.
Nort•:: Suitable devices include, but are not limited to; ;j float valve, a pre-
set meter on the till line, a valve actuated by the weight of the tank contents,
a low head pump which is incapable of producing.overflow, or a liquid -tight
overflow pipe at least one pipe size larger than the fill pipe discharging by
t 1-:n•ity back to the outside source of liquid or to an approved location.
24. Supports, Foundations and Anchorage for All Tank
Locations.
2.110. Tank supports shall be installed on firm foundations. Tank
supports shall be of concrete, masonry or protected steel. Single
(rood tImhrr supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may be
used for outside aboveground tanks if not more than 12 inches
Iligh at their lowest point.
2420. Stccl supports or exposed piling shall be protected by
uiatrrials having a fire resistance. rating of not less than two hours,
except that steel saddles need not be protected if less than 12 inches
high at their lowest point. At the discretion of the authority hav-
ing jurisdiction. approved water spray protection or its equivalent
May he used in, lieu or lire - resistive materials to protect supports.
2.130. The design of the supporting structure for tanks such as
spheres shall require special engineering consideration.
Noel-: Appcndi: N of the :\Pl Standard 620, Recommended .Rules for the
DcSiu ;n and Construction of Large, Wclded, Low- Pressure Storage Tanks, con -
t,:ins information regarding supporting structures.
2440. Cvcry tank shall be so supported as to prevent the excessive
concentration of loads on the supporting portion of the shell.
2450. Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made
of c'oucretc, masonry, piling or steel. Tank foundations shall be
dcsit;nccl to minimize the possibility, of uneven. settling of the tank
and to miniutize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on the
foundation.
Nor•e: Appendix E of API Standard 650, Specification for Welded Steel
'Tanks for Oil Storage, and Appendix B of AI'I Standard 620, Recommended
Rules for the Design and Construction of Largc, Welded, Low- Pressure Storage
Tanks, provide information or. tank foundations.
2460. Where a tank is located in an area that may be subjected
to flooding, the applicable precautions outlined in Appendix B
shall be observed.
J
't.
I
1�
i!
h
h�
t-
c.onnectlor, shall be properly identified. ne E
2470. In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports and ;
t •
,•
e + t ' N `" It • r� ," -
{;! ". r.<t4
r; •:
`, i i�
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30 -3•f . FLAMMABLE AND CO1I[BUSTI•BLF, LIQUIDS CODE„
. d
_
connections'shall be des �ned to resist damage a
as result of such
shocks.
;
tq
7
' 25. Sources of Ignition:
i
2510. In locations where flammable vapors may be present,
pre-
cautions shall be taken to prevent ignition by eliminating or con-
trolling sources of ignition. Sources of ignition may include open
i
flames, lightning, smoking, cutting and welding, . hot surfaces,
frictional heat, sparks ( static, elecirical and mechanical), spon-
tarcvus ignition, chemical and physical- chemical reactions and
radiant heat.
N! PA No. 7', St :,ti, 1 !cctr_rity, and NPPA No. 78, Li!;htniu Pt'o-
tertion Code, icle ;j!!*- •nuttion
i
prop on such protection.
26. Testing.
2610. All tanks, v Nether shop -built or field- erccte:d, shall be
strength tested hct' % t!;ey arc placed in service iu accordance with
the• applicable tiara- raplts of the Code under which they were
built. The ASNtE Code stamp, API monogram, or the label of
the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. on a tank stall be evidence
of cemp!ianc< �+ it" this strcn,Tth Wst. Tanks not marked • 1 accord -
uu'r �� itl: the above C OCICS sha!I bc' strength tested before they arc
play ,"d in srt•vic'e it! accordance v,"ith ,z;ood en(,incerin�r principles
aru! r; 1, re tier shat, br m..ulc to tlic sections on testing in the Codes
listed in 201, 2042 or 2052.
2620• When cite vcz -tical Icngtlt of tilt• lilt and vent pilxs is such
that W11cn fi :lcd wl;h lirittid the static head imposed upon the
bottom of the tank exceeds 10 pounds per square inch, the tank
and related pipiu, shall be tested hydrostatically to a pressure
equal to the static head huts imposed. In special cases Nvherc the
hcitrllt of the vent ahovc the top of the tank is excessive, the hydro-
static test l;ressure shall be specified by the authority h
diction. aving juris-
fi zz T--TANK STORAGE` $0 -3,
A' .. 2640. All leaks or deformations shall be corrected in, an acceptaEle
y
warmer Wore the tank' is placed in'service: "-Mechanical caulking .,
is riot permitted for, correctin-' leaks in welded tanks excep, pin
loll 1c. in the roof.
.',650. Tanks to be operated at pressures below their design pres- >
sure• may be tested by the applicable provisions of 2610 or 2620 ¢- :
h, ti
bitsc'd upon the pressure developed under full emergency venting
of the tank. �a 1•
F
.y
2630. In addition to the strength test called for in 2610 and 2620,
all tanks and connections shall be tested for tightness. Except for
underground tanks, this tightness test shall be made at operating
pressure with air inert tras or water. prior .to . placing the_ tatll : -in-
t
se:,'icc. In the case of field - erected tanks the strength test may be F
considered to be ti,e test for tank tightness.' underground tanks r
and piping, before being covered, enclosed, or placed in use, shall'
be tested for tightness hydrostatically, or with air pressure at not �.
less than three pounds per square inch and not more than five
Pounds per square inch. (Sec 3610 for testing pressure piping.)
s
4•
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!�•id�' . Yi i =
r^`_,m��i�� S���s���s�t'ir:7"2 - �. :rryl.'S i��':" ,."'.' �-. n,.' �. cir.'';'-•. G',- tipn•'• �.�i��`a'�..:..y�+a�yS�•N.e'�r �� ,'L�"- e�i. "'.r�,`iic , <'M� ��ir . �?f 7*. �,•�.axd}+.: -i'� c. -'�.,
y 30 -66 FLA:t�M�BLE ;AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQIIIDS CODE % '�• y ' ` - •�SEI2VICES STATIO?S
`y, • (':t; :`�'wF�.s � :tom ... ),�,,,, �-+ -y •. N,+p ._ •Y ' '�.Y�
y'? ) w. :70 %16. Class d'liqutds ;shall not be- stored orlhandlcef within a x �f
CHAPTER VII. SERVICE STATIONS
building having a basement or spit into which- flammable vapors
may travel,- unless such area is provided with ventilation designe'd,to
prevent the accumulation of flammmable vapors therein.
70. Storage and Handling. 7017. Accurate inventory records shall be maintained and
t.econciled on all Class I liquid storage tanks for possible . indica-
7010. General Provisions. ttou of leakage from *.arks or piping.
t 7011. Liquids shall be stored in approved closed containers
not exceeding 60 gallons capacity, in tanks located underground, in
tanks in special enclosures as described in 7020, or in aboveground
tanks as provided for in 7321, 7322, and 7323.
7012. Aboveground tanks, located in an adjoining bulk plant,
may be connected by piping to service station underground tanks
if, to addition to valves at aboveground tanks, a valve is also in-
_ stalled within control of service station personnel.
r, 7013. _'Apparatus dispensing Class I liquids into the fuel tanks
of motor vehicles of the public shall not be located at a bull: plant
unless separated by a fence or similar barrier from the area in which
bulk operations are conducted.
'7014. The provisions of 7011 shall not prohibit the temporary
use of movable tanks in conjunction with the dispensin7 of flarr-
mab!c or combustible liquids into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles
or other .motorized equipment on premises not normally accessible
to the public. Such installations shall only be made under permit
from the enforcing authority. The permit shall include a definite
time limit.
7015. The pruY. isions of 7011 shall not prohibit the dis-
pensin, of flanumtblc liquids in the open from a tank vehicle to a
motor "chicle. ,Such dispensing shall be permitted provided:
(a) The tank vehicle complies with the requirements cov-
ered in the Standard on Tank Vehicles for Flammable Liquids,
\'o. 355.
(b). The dispensing is done on premises not open to the public.
(c) The motor vehicles are owned or' operated by a com-
mercial, industrial or governmental agency,
(d) The dispensing hose does not exceed 50 feet in length.
(e) The dispensing nozzle is a listed automatic - closing type
Without a latch -open device.
(f) An inspection of the premises -and operations has been
made and approval granted by the authority having jurisdiction.
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7020. Special Enclosures.
7021. When installation of tanks in accordance v;ith 22 is
impractical because of property or building limitations, tanks for
flamniable or combustible liquids may be installed in buildings if
enclosed and upon specific approval of the authority having juris-
diction.
7022. Enciosurc shall be substantially liquid :md valun•tight
without backfill. Sides, top and bottom of the enclosure shall be of
reinforced concrete at bast six inclx's thick, with openings for in-
spection through Lite top only. Tank connections shall be so pipccl
or closed that neither vapors not- liquid can escape into the enclosed
space. i,deans si:all he provided whereby portable equipment may
be employed to discharge to the outside any liquid or vapors which
light accumulate should leakage occur.
7023. At automotive service stations provided in comicction
'With tenant or customer parking facilities at or below grade level in
large buildings of commercial, mercantile or residential occupancy,
tanks containing Class I liquids, installed of ncccssity in accordance
with 7022, shall not exceed 6,000 gallons individual or 15,000
gallons aggregate capacity.
7030. Inside Buildings.
110,31. Except where stored in tanks as provided in 7020, no
Class I liquids shall be stored within any service station building
except in closed containers of aggregate capacity not exceeding 130
gallons. One container not exceeding 60 gallons capacity equipped
with an approved-pump is-permitted :-
7032. Class I liquids may be transferred from one container to
another in lubrication or service rooms of a service station building
provided the electrical installation complies with Table VII -1
and provided that any heating equipment complies with 75. See
also 7710 for other possible sources of ignition.
7033. Class 11 and Class III liquids-may be stored: and dis-
pensed inside service station buildings.from tanks of not more'than
1
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rLA' A;ABLE AND C011BLSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE• { c
-- - — ? ' SEKVICI3'STATIOVS.C4'* • �' , 3� -69 .� ya
120 gallons capacity each,;
7220: Emergency 'Power Cutoff: A .,ole`.arly Identified .anti easily , ^
} accessible switcli(es) or a circuit br`eaker(s) shall "he provided at ate°
7040. Labeling: No sale or purchase of any Class I, II or III p' t g - _ p p g
location remote from dispensing devices incl.udin remote, um in
liquids shall be made in containers unless such containers are systems, to shut off the power to all dispensing devices in the event .
clearly marked with the name of the product contained therein. of an erncrgency.
7050. Dispensing into Portable C t
Class I liquids shall be nnade into portablercontainers unless the
container is constructed of metal or is approved by the authority
having jurisdiction, has a tight closure with screwed or sprirl.g cover,
and is fitted with a spout or so designed that the contents can be
poured without spilling.
71. Attendance or Supervision of Dispensing.
7310. Each service station open to the public shall have an
attendant or supervisor on duty whenever the station is open for
business.
7120. Service stations not accessible to or open to the public do
not require an attendant or supervisor. Such stations niav be used
by coinmercial, industrial, governmental or manufacturing es-
tablishments.
72. Dispensing Systems.
7210. Location: Dispensing devices at automotive service stations
shall be so located that all parts of the vehicle being served will be
on the premises of the service station.
7211, Inside Location: Approved dispensing units may be
located inside of buildings upon specific approval of the authority
JW having jurisdiction, The dispensing area shall be separated from
other areas in a manner approved by the authority having jurisdic-
tion. The dlspens1119 unit and its piping shall be mounted either
on a concrete island or protected against collision damage by suit-
able means and shall be located in a position where it cannot
be struck by a vehicle descending a ramp or- other slope out of
control.- The disperisirig area shall be provided with an approved
mechanical or gravity ventilation system. b�•hen dispensing units
are located below ,grade, only approved mechanical vctltilation
shall be Used and the cutire dispensing area shall be protected
by an approved automatic sprinkler system. Ventilating systems
shall be electrically interlocked with gasoline dispensing units so
that the dispensing units cannot be operated unless the ventilating
fan motors are energized.
7230. Dispensing Units.
7231. Class I liquids shall be transferred from tanks by means
of fixed pumps so designed and equipped as to allow control of the
flol': and to prevent leakage or accidental discharge.
7232. Dispensing devices for Class I liquids shall be of ap-
proved type.
NOTE: Devices uux•tin�, talc standards of' the Undcrwritcrs' Labur :stories
I11C. 111.1y be clecntrd to be in compliance with this section.
7233. Class I liquids shall not be dispensed Iry pressuri• li-olrl
drums, barrels, and similar containers. Approved pumps taking.
suction throu-h the: top of the container or approved self - closing
faucets shall be used.
7234. The dispensing units, except those attached to con-
tainers, shall be mounted either on a concrete island or protected
against collision. damage by suitable means.
r�
,1
'1
7240. Remote Pumping Systems.
7241. This section shall apply to systems for dispensing Class I
liquids where such liquids are transferred from storage to individual i
or multiple dispensing units by pumps located elsewhere than at
the dispcnsin'- units.
7242. Pumps shall be designed or equipped so that no part of
the systent will be subjected to pressures above its allowable work-
ing pressure. Pumps installed above grade, outside of buildings,
shall be located not less'than ten feet from lines of adjoining property
which may be built upon, and not less than five feet from any build-
ing opening. 11'hen an outside pump location is impractical, pumps
- - - may be installed inside of buildings as-- provided for dispensers in -
7211, or in pits as provided in 7243. Pumps shall be substantially !.
anchored and protected against physical damage by vehicles.
7243. Pits for subsurface pumps or piping manifolds of sub-
inersible pumps shall, withstand the external forces to which they
may be subjected without damage to the pump, tank, or piping.
The pit shall be no larger than necessary for inspection and iiainte- !i'
nance and shall be provided with a fitted cover.
� -fin
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30-70--, l
41
LA�XfAf4BLE AND COffBUSTIBLE � (?
;, £OD
2244. 'A COII ;tt ,{ s j s to r Z °> r - SERVIC r r i
ini * l w E:•S'I'ATO \S y x J _ Yry 'i.
opet`at on trot shat be..provided` that will' n r,'d w `�`` " ��` x.30 il
permit the ' p -' i -- ^
e IY ='when a - dispensin ', t `• �� �'
bracket on the dis ensin g.nozzle is removed {r mums of performingethetetfunctions 'land,ir o assuming the 11 be capable �� C
p g unit and the switch on this dispensing t
k unit.a manually actuated.' This control shall also stop the pum ; responsibilities
when all nozzles have been returned to their brackets. p g covered in 7261.
c p 7263. Emergency controls shall- be installed at a location
I 7245. PP n approved impact valve, incorporating a fusible link, acceptable to authorit r having
designed to close automatically 'in event of severe impact or fire y g.pense fiction, but controls shall not
exposure shall be properly installed in the dispensing supply be more than 100 feet from dispensers.
at the base of each individual dispensing device. g pp Y line 72G4. Inst- 'uctions for the operation of dispensers shall be
conspicuously posted.
cludin24an Testing' After the completion of the installation, in-
g y paving, that section of tl�e pressure Piping
tween the Pump discharge and the connection for the dispensing
be-
facility shall be tested for at least 30 minutes at the maximum
/� operatin pensing
g pressure of the system. Such tests shall be repeated at
{ five -year intervals thereafter.
7250. Delivery Nozzles.
7251. IIose nozzle valves of either tine manual or autom atic -
Class I liquids
closing type for dispensing into a fuel tai:_
container shall be manually held open during the dis na into a
tion except as provided in 7252•
ensi
P b opera -
7252• On any service
Public a listed auto station dispenser accessible to the
permitted only when all dispensing ctye nozzle with hold -open latch is
by the service station attendant, of Class I- liquids is to be done
7 the dispensing
available ble and d open to the
Of Class I liquids at a service station
public is to be done by a person other
than the service station attendant, the nozzle shall be a listed
attomatic- closing type without a hold -open latch.
7260. Special Type Dispensers.
7261. Approved special dispensing such limited to, coin - operated, card-operated, andcremote preset t t net ypes
are permitted at service. stations, provided there, is at least one
qualified attendant on duty while the station is open to the public.
The attendant's primary function shall be to supervise, observe
and control the dispensing of Class I liquids while said liquids are
being dispensed. It shall be the responsibility of the attendant
to prevent the dispensing of Class I liquids into portable containers
not in compliance with 7050 control sources.of ignition, and to
immediately handle accidental spills and fire extinguishers if needed.
73. Marine Service Stations.
7310. The dispensing area shall he located from other structures
SO as to provide' roorr: for safe ingress and egress of craft to be fuel d.
Dispensing units shall in all cases he at least 20 f
activity involving fixed sources of ignition. fe =c't rum ar :�'
7311. 1)Ispcnsin "• shall be by appro%-cd dispensing units �tiith
or without integral pumps and may be located on open piers
wharves or floating docks or on shore or on piers of the solid fill type.
7112. Dispensing nozzles shall be automatic - closing without
a hold -open latch.
7320. Tanks, and Pumps not integral tcith tl)e dispcnsin!� unit,
shall be on shore or on a pier of the solid fill type except as provided
in 7321 and 7322.
7321. Where shore location •,voulcl require excessively lung
supply lines to dispensers, the Wtliority having j`urisdiclion may
authorize the installation of tanks on a pier provided that applicably
portions of Chapter II relative to spacing, diking and piping arc
complied with and the quantity so stored does not exceed 1,loo
gallons aggregate capacity. ,
7322. Shore tanks supplying marine service stations may be
located aboveground, where rock ledges or high water table make
underground tanks impractical.
7323. Where tanks are at an elevation which would produce
gravity head on the dispensing unit, the tank outlet shall be equipped
with a pressure control valve positioned adjacent to and outside the
tank block valve specified in 2192, so adjusted that liquid cannot
flow by gravity from the tank in case of piping or hose failure.
7330. Piping between shore tanks and dispensing units shall be as
specified in Chapter III, except that, where dispensing is from a
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- 1 ,ii "�. u� -.� ld'.'.t.'`.a. q� _ � �7
^.t�c��iiir� . �'°u,. :.,F„'ifl -
p�'S' 7(;', : - ' �'�1V> :Y ,rW_ °, ti�?..r1�r
�.,,yy
K,.�n:.�„!. ,� Y.�,��.I '�1. „d. . -� '-4�.'
k.. F}•fC'
�ii
-�, i - ,�, �y •��;�6 _
"�"
.110
.. ?-
- —
`�}
_
5
MN�� �hi. �r, :.�l. �.a ,�,
'�- 1„ Fv .l... y,. .y. .'"i;
- a ,c..
,t ' ^� „i •
�.-: t
�� ^�'
Yi..��:r� �. Y�4
r • s.. d
" r�
.n �
xk�- t- r�r.t� `�,zq^7.
-� S :i ri _ . .
t
'R- -
� . a .1�
•:s X
_ + '
_ Y Y.
7331. A readily accessible valve to shut off the supply from-
5
:Ae.- t.bt I'�; .'aH •C
l .r
j� i
.- '.L,^,ni. ,� ... .. y, &, . t a _ �. �
.. _ Y _r'. [ 1 z
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.$' -R•'� « :
'j
(�
y
SERVICE STATIO \b
-
30- 73 } k
I,
t
E
USTIBL% LIQUIDS CODE 3Q- FLr
A,,�_.
_ tally of any edge of enclosure..
directions.
—
f ` Jry. Y > - ; ..
.�, S�'> :J �. .r .- �,' aF• '.
r �' rl,r •-
bi '.e� R ..Y .4�r
tally of any edge of enclosure.
floating. structure, suitable lengths of oil= resistant flexible hose. may d f.
yY Table' VII —i-
�sl
1 Any pit, box, or space below
be employed between the shore piping and the piping on the float -
Pits
grade level, any part of which is
'
:
ing structure as made necessary by change in water level or shore
Electrical Equipment Hazardous Areas— Scrvice Stations
6.
fied area.
line.
NEC Class I,
1 The area 4 feet vertically above
the enclosure and 13
:
7331. A readily accessible valve to shut off the supply from-
Group D
Extent of
Classified Area
tions.
shore shall be provided in each pipeline at or near the approach to
Location Division _
the.pier and at the shore end of each pipeline adjacent to the point
where flexible hose is attached.
7332. Piping shall be located so as to be protected from
physical damage.
7333. Piping handling Class I liquids shall be grounded ' to
r_ control stray currents.
74. E1ect_ical Equ:pnient.
7410. Article 74 shall apply to areas where Class I liquids are
stored or handled. For areas where Class lI or Class III liquids
are stored or handled, the electrical equipment may be installed in
accordance with the provisions of the National Electrical Code,
No. 70, for ordinary locations.
7420. All electrical equipment and wiring shall be of a type speci-
fied by and sliall be installed in accordance with the National
Electrical Code, No. 7 0.
7430. So far as it applies, Table VII -1 shall be used to delineate
and classify Hazardous areas for the purpose of installation of elec-
trical equipment under normal circumstances. In the following, a
classified area shall not extend beyond an unpierced ;-all, roof or
other solid partition.
Num: The designation of classes and divisions is defined in Chapter 5,
aw Article 500, of the National Electrical Code, No. 70.
7440. The area classifications listed in 7430 shall be based on the
premise that the installation meets the applicable requirements of
this Code in all respects. Should this not be the case, the authority
having jurisdiction shall have the authority to classify the extent of
the hazardous area.
UNOERr,R0UND TANf:
Fill Openim: 1 Any pit, box or space below grade
level, any part of which is within
the Division 1 or 2 classified area.
2 Up to 18 inches above grade level
within a horizontal radius of 10
feet from a loose fill connection
and within a horizontal radius of
5 feet from a tight nil connection.
, .
Vent — Discharging Upward
1 Withi feet o open crid `,f vent
within 20 feet horizontally of any
i3
'j
(�
i
2 Area bet ;ve -n 3 feet and 5 feet of
-
open cnu 01 vent, extenuing in all
E
_ tally of any edge of enclosure..
directions.
- — 2- Lp to i8 inches shove grade or-
-
floor level within 25 feet horizon-
tally of any edge of enclosure.
DISPENSER
1 Any pit, box, or space below
-
Pits
grade level, any part of which is
within the Division 1 or 2 classi-
fied area.
Dispenser Enclosure
1 The area 4 feet vertically above
the enclosure and 13
base ,vithin
inches horizontally in all direc-
tions.
Outdoor
Indoor
with Mechanical
Ventilation
- - - with Gravity
Ventilation
2 Up to 13 inches above grade level
within 20 feet horizontally of any
edge of enclosure.
' sa
Up to 18 inches above grade or
2 floor level within 20 feet horizon-
r
_ tally of any edge of enclosure..
°_
- — 2- Lp to i8 inches shove grade or-
-
floor level within 25 feet horizon-
tally of any edge of enclosure.
+;
V
n
I+
_ - -- — — 1
30-74 FLAMMABLE AND COEiBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE SERVICE STATIO \S 30-75
Table VII—l.— Continued
- tire resistance rating of at least one hour and �� :itllout any openings
in the walls N%-Ithin eight feet of the floor into an area classified in
NEC Class I, -fable VII -1. This room shall not be used for combustible storage
Group D Extent of and all air for combustion purposes shall come from outside the
Location Division Classified Area building.
•�
REMOTE PUMP— OUTDOOR 1 Any pit, box or space below
1540. Hcating cqulpinCllt using ,f,TdS 0I' Oil IUCI may be installed lIl
theI'e iS 210 G:SpCIlS1117 1
i
grade level if any part is %vithin a
horizontal distance 10 feet
the lubrication, sine's Or SCrC'1cC I.002n \�•llcrc
of Class I liquids provided the bottom of the coal-
!
of
from any edge of pump.
or tra sferring
hustion chamber is at lecat 15 inches aiaove the floor and the heat- f
a
;',�
• - 2 Within 3 feet of any edge of
ing equipnnert is protected Croni ph}-sicai danlagc. by vehicles.
pump, extending in all directions.
Also up to 18 inches above grade
7550. Heating equi pnu nt using gas or oil fuel listed for use in 1
'
level within 10 feet horizontally
garages may be installed in tile• lubrication or service 1-oonl %Vlivre
f
`N�
from any edge of pump.
Class 1 liquids arc dispensed provided tilt, egtlipnu'nt is instaliccl at
: 1
-
least eight feet above rile floor.
DEMOTE PUMP—INDOOR 1 Entire area within any pit.
7560. Electrical heating equipment shall conforin to 7 4.
u' ?
2 Within 5 feet of any edge of
PUMP, extending in all directions.
76. Drainage and l aste Disposal.
y :
Also up to 3 feet above floor or
grade level within 25 feet hori
• t 11 f
7610. Provision shall be madc� in rile area where Class 1 liquids
ion a y rom any edge of pump.
are dispensed to prcvult spilled liquids ;roiu lto the in
LUBRICATION OR SERVICE ROOM 1 Entire area within any pit. terior of service. play be by grad-
station buildings. Such provision �l
ing driveways, raising door sills, or other equally effcctive means. j
2 Area up to 18 inches above floor Crankcase draiDings ancl- flammable or comlustible liquids shall
or grade level within entire lubri- not be dumped into sewers but sllali be stored in tanks or drums
cation room. _
outside of any building until removed from the premises.
Dispenser for Class I Liquids 2 Within 3 feet of any fill or dis-
pensing point, extending in all
directions. ? ?. Sources of Ignition.
7710. In addition to the previous restrictions of this chapter, du•
SPECIAL ENCLOSURE INSIDE 1 Entire enclosure. following shall apply: Thcrc shall be no smoking or open flames in
BtSILDIPiG PER SECTION 6020 the areas used for fueling, servicing fuel systems for internal com-
bustion engines, receiving or dispensing of flammable or combustible
SALES, STORAGE AND REST Rooms Ordinary If there is any opening to these . ' liquids. Conspicuous. and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall
rooms within the extent of a Di- be posted within-sight of the customer being served. The motors !
vision 1 area, the entire room of all equipment being fueled shall be shut off during the fueling
shall be classified as Division 1. Operation.
75. Heating Equipment.'. .:. ;,, 78. Fire Control
7510. I-Ieating.equiptnept *shall'be- installed as..,provided,' n "752 ,{ ,� • "' 7810.4 ach service station -shall be provided with at least one fire l�;
} *µ t r throu h, 560 .� s ,'. ti y r, .
g T' a• s 3 A exEinguish&- having a minimum classification of 6 =B, C located so r
7520: Hestin ,` fhat an extinguisher will be within 7fifeq,of each pump,• dispenser, E
equipment 1nay� b6;-installed: in ;the conventional , „
under oundrfili i e o enin and lubrication or service room :
` n. .marinei in an area except as proved d in 7530, , 54Q,,7550 o� 7.560. ,,Z� w�. b� , p p. -, p g'
,+ 753 �' I-I _ ssi n +.^" f4 ..�•r z .�[!+. Y. .i J :.S' -�,s -. F a . " i _-- ..H"4t . : s. U t �tl
�a 4 eat►ng.equipmenf? riYay die installed ir'1' a special roo
r?,
ase r. ated from; `, ar,ea cl •$' s z ifiedrb > I eVII�l,y''w -it t t
Vii; ',.sr, 'ga•''5 c w „ a R yr ; h x; >
.az: �.•G "-4• `n: •.Ky .':', •fK- .✓:i.' -.• 'P a r :�.4
,,,.^,{� ` -lJ' a S.. - ,`..�. ' �. .. h-•a tes. ;. ,1,f '- ',: (r'it.d.�� a"r- .'.s"�` � 1 �i'S `{�d-. '.,� ,� !i , +. ?.•y?: � F�� '_• `LdAC t _ L l'i"•'C'`a- ^ �.r ^ ",. p. ` . t' y ' t '.{ :4 'r n i7k ` �;,( "w,�i,�' A •: ,x-S•atr. .; ht.». . � wa . th. , t"4y,9 . 1,1}
",, r :�i ' - S• ¢_ 1''M btr L y'. • e
�.� °'"�i ` +�, `£�, t _ Sr•' � '"ti' ��'. �J'� t� :R; Ce�;'t� -�, °r ,�': _ �.'" =. ' M1 yz .y. l _�i �. �` - -� •- n.•Y s�:.S ... ty `,x .J..
nq MlP ir"n - +1
�l
t
A
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,41
A
44
Flammable and Cornbkvgfible' Uquid. Tainki'
NFPA No. 329 — 1965
1965 Edition of NFPA No. 329
This Rec(milli•lided Practice %�-as prepared by the S(,C-
tiollal Committee oil ' and R=epair, approved by
r
the Cominittee oil laninlable Liquids, ',Illd adopted by the
F
National 1,'lre Protection Associatioll at its 1965 Anniial Meet
Ing held May 17-21 in Washington, D. C.
Origin and Development of No. 329
'I'll's l,ec0jl)jjjej,,(jc(1 III-;,ctice replaces the 1 )04 edition and
.4
a manual on this S1ll)jCCt ISSUCCI in 1959. The illanual was
.0
preceded by a rcporl, (Nl'l'A Nu. 301-1) oil the sailic slibiject
Which was withdrawn from publicatiun in 1950.
The principal chang-cs to this edition of the Reconinielided
Practice 1111'e new procedures for testing remote deliver),
systems. Other changes made were primarily for clarification
or were editorial in nature. Ill this latter category is a corn-
:17,
"lkec'ommendid Ordtime 'an
new single Chapter 4.
4
SECTIONAL COMMITTEE ON MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
T. H. Wright, Chairman
Y
C. V. Batley Parker C. False M. J. Reed
C. E. Biome D.:17. Johnson Allan R. Smith
1
"4
Leakag from Un4drgromnd
E. H. Fallin George F. Prussing J. H. Witte
G. G. Fleming Miles E. Woodworth
Committee on Flammable Liquids
Flammable and Cornbkvgfible' Uquid. Tainki'
NFPA No. 329 — 1965
1965 Edition of NFPA No. 329
This Rec(milli•lided Practice %�-as prepared by the S(,C-
tiollal Committee oil ' and R=epair, approved by
the Cominittee oil laninlable Liquids, ',Illd adopted by the
F
National 1,'lre Protection Associatioll at its 1965 Anniial Meet
Ing held May 17-21 in Washington, D. C.
Origin and Development of No. 329
'I'll's l,ec0jl)jjjej,,(jc(1 III-;,ctice replaces the 1 )04 edition and
.4
a manual on this S1ll)jCCt ISSUCCI in 1959. The illanual was
1
preceded by a rcporl, (Nl'l'A Nu. 301-1) oil the sailic slibiject
Which was withdrawn from publicatiun in 1950.
The principal chang-cs to this edition of the Reconinielided
Practice 1111'e new procedures for testing remote deliver),
systems. Other changes made were primarily for clarification
or were editorial in nature. Ill this latter category is a corn-
bination of Chapters 4 and 5 of the previous edition into a
new single Chapter 4.
4
SECTIONAL COMMITTEE ON MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
T. H. Wright, Chairman
C. V. Batley Parker C. False M. J. Reed
C. E. Biome D.:17. Johnson Allan R. Smith
(alternate to M. J. Reed) Geo. F. Kennedy E. H. Stockdale
Herbert R. Bogardus •1. F. McKenna IV. H. Van Arnum,
E. H. Fallin George F. Prussing J. H. Witte
G. G. Fleming Miles E. Woodworth
Committee on Flammable Liquids
Paul C. Lamb, Chairman,
Lever Brothers Company, 39U Park Ave., New York, N. Y. 10022
Miles E. Woodwoith,t Secrdary,
National Fire Protection Assn., 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mom. 02110
rv..
J. Robert Adams, Improved Risk Mutuais. W. S. Brooks, Oklahoma Inspection Bureau.
ro
R. 11. Albisser, Manufacturing Chemists Richard G. Brown, American Reciprocal
Assn., Inc. Insurers.
_t'
W. J. Baker, Conference of Special Risk G. E. Cain, National Paint, Varnish &
Underwriters. Lacquer Assn.
C. V. Baticy,.Bethlehern Steel Co. A. C. Clark, Manufacturing Chemists' Assn.,
... ...
W. C. B I h t n, A m a.- i c a u* P e -t r a I e u m. I a a-ti t u. ie Inc ...... .. .
Herbert R. Bogardus, Fire Insurance Rat - Harald Crouch, Eastman Kodak Co.
ing Organization of New Jersey. W. 11. Doyle, Factory Insurance Asm.
V 9
yi,• .}}K'�- '-���7'; �.�. c. .k�r' ` '�► "�.7:.5d.: 'ktP ^''. `i...'IY °.` r `�!� * :; eta' .P;,_. �y 'i: �k i�=i�tir . a.&t, �� �.� ;_ �' {sp,•. •ik; d!: 9'.�r. � .f Fs �y -'2 n's •�i'"'ay.' r� �'�,� r a . -S. q. � i >,t ^�
'W' '`f� t. ,�.'Is �•. - >t -�• .��„ �sati µ t :.e ..- - _3 ».=' .,:. ri'. .�, �s,,r. ;;� ;.,;'S'_` - +..- ' _
'J : l t: '�: P '.yt;; +i .Z'.3• r..�'a ;u,• .�}` •'t`eat?,Lr :p J'"y i„r t�',,5 xY•"".'�' . %' • -95 k' ..,'t.•K. r:� a ` 't-t� <`s. ^ �y- , a:,:J11, ry �,,,, . �.1,M )? ; z x
,1' � K , �..� hA�'" � ,� 4 - t' .. - � 4 S�TU•?�;t. �' � .,.. a � i ..t • � - .�,,.� r 3
Vs,. . ta, +-.x . �t 4 �
�
. t,r, �\ , O:. .i .. ci- ) _. ,
. �'�''3 'h1 �''
RTA
�„ ':� 4 4.. Y. :..'�'
[ . Y `' a
t
. �:> (>•!`{^.f4� LAN t �
4
.'. a t� �. JM •. •, .4 .' ...
"t r.-
�''t� :
7V
t
t � .� j" lt3
F
" �'�• .,,�bt � 7, '1 ... - � 4
, Y tt � ).� �S ' ,Y , iJ . a fTn
-.115 't
�,Z ��4`�'••�� yl:
'
_
O '�
Zt 329 LEAKAGE FROM UNDERGROUND T ANK
r T t 1 Y
-
Wi;..�1t.1
'
:1ssn.
'
320-31",
`
r A Dyer, American Petroleupr Institute
Hunt Moore, The American i`` '� "`'
T
r
''
North America.
D. 11¢. %mond,jesting Laboratories, Dm , ''
Od Chetntsta"7 t
' Societyr „ ' v , l ,+
>
ci&r
C. P. Hoffmann, Jr., 'Truck 'frailer Manu-
facturers Assn.
stun of Can adian'Standdrds Assn, ,
E. I1. Fallin, National Petroleum'Refiners
R
J; 4W; Morris, Jr., Soutlf -1 aytern•YUnder
"writers Assn,
" . r
i
Charles If. Howe, Jr., Fire Marshals Assn.
of North America.
Aesn'
G. G. Fleming, lfunufacturing Chemists'
Dean Olds, Institute of Appliance Mfrs.
o'-
Recommended Practice OA
:lase., Inc.
R. Nl. Patton, Joseph E. Seagram R Sons,
NNW
Rodger R. Jackson, Laundry .k Cleaners
Allied Trades Assn.
Parker C. Folse, American Petroleum Insti- Lute.
Inc.
George F. Prussing, Washington, D. C.
Leakage from Underground
'
Roger D. Frerlks, Federation of Societies for
Paint Technology.
George A. Quandee, Swift & Co.
J. Sharp Queener, ?National faint, Varnish
4..
Fecmmcible and Combustible Liquid T®nhs
O. W. Johnson, Palo Alto, Calif.'
N ugh V. Nccpers, Fire Prevention
Ward A Gill
rC Lacquer Assn.
. i
and Engi-
ncering Burc:w of Te : ;as.
Paul J. Keller, Natiunal Paint, Varnish
('
I
Natrona. Automatic LaumlrY
and Cleaning Council,
M. J. Recd, National Oil Fuel Institute.
S. L. 1lalac, Natiunal Soybean Processors
Rudolp American Schmidt, Jr:, merican Insurance
NFPA No. 329 — 11965
n 7
Assn.
:1ssn.
'
`
'
Raymond M. Hill, Fire Marshals Assn. of
1. T. Singer, Western Actuarial Bureau.
North America.
Allan R. Snilth, SteeN'auk Institute.
C. P. Hoffmann, Jr., 'Truck 'frailer Manu-
facturers Assn.
Welton Smith, Natiunal Cottonseed Prod-
,1
Charles If. Howe, Jr., Fire Marshals Assn.
of North America.
licts Assn., Inc.
E. C. Sommer, American Petroleum In-
Foreword
1
stitute.
NNW
Rodger R. Jackson, Laundry .k Cleaners
Allied Trades Assn.
R. I. Spencer, Factory Insurance Assn.
G. ff. Steel, Ralston Purina
Liquid shall 71'leaIl, when not Ut11eI- \ \']se identified, both
i
D. M. Johnson, Western Uil S Gas Assn.
Co.
E. H. Stockdale, Gulf Oil Corp.
flammable and C01111ti1Stible liquids.
O. W. Johnson, Palo Alto, Calif.'
N ugh V. Nccpers, Fire Prevention
J. K. Sundermeyer, Manufacturing Chem-
ists'
. i
and Engi-
ncering Burc:w of Te : ;as.
Paul J. Keller, Natiunal Paint, Varnish
Assn., Ine.
C. Austin Sutherland, Natiunal Tank
'Truck
t t'�
..Ombustiule ilglli(1 shall mean any h(lllid having a bash
s°
5,
Lacquer Assn.
Carriers, Inc.
point at or above 140° 1' (60° C),
George F. Kennedy, Fire Marshals :1ssn. of
E. P. I ablsz, Undernwriters' Laboratories of
Canada.
Nurth America.
Louis F. Langhurst, vegetable Oil Extrac-
t
Wm. If. Van Arnum, American Insurance
Flammable liquid Shall mean any llquld )laving a flash
3
tion'
Loibl, National Institute of Uryclean-
Assn'
Glenroy 17, Walker, Fire Marshals Assn. of
point below 140o F (60° C) and a vapor pressure not exceed-
.
ing.
W. S.
North America.
,
leg t0 lb. per sq. in. absolute at 100° F (37.8° C).
Marsh, Factory Mutual Engineering
Div.
Wm, C. Whiting, New England Insurance
J. F. Nlclicnna, American Petroleum lu_
Rating Assn.
J. il, Wlttc, Underwriters' Laboratories,
Flammable and combustible liquids for consumer uses are
„
atttnte.
Dr. Vol. G. Mclienna, Bureau of Explosives.
1ne.
T. li. Wright, Ohiu Inspection Bureau.
commonly stored in underground tanks. The majority of such
a
1
L. S. Miller, Oil Insurance Assn.
Dr. M. G. Zabetakis, U. S. Bureau of Mines.
tanks are at service stations; ho«�ever this report 1S not COIl-
fined to tanks at these places. It includes underground fuel
"
Alternates.
oil tanks in connection With dwellings and business places,
• �
B. Al Battaglin,
to'' Western Actuarial Bureau.
(Alternate. to 'I'. T. Finger.)
Factory Insurance Assn.
A. T. (Alternate
(Alternate
as well as underground tanks containing Other flamnlab'.e and
- ?
C, E. Blume, ;National oil Fuel Institute.
(Alternate to M. J. [teed.)
to i
to It. 1. spencer.)
R. I. Spencer, Factory Insurance Assn.
combustible liquids at industrial properties. \zillions of -al-
' A
B. H. ford, Jr., American Petroleum In-
(Alternate to \\'. 11. Doyle.)
Ions of these liquids are stored in underground tanks and it is
'' t
stitute. (Alternate to A. F. Oyer.)
J. B. Mathis, Institute of AmAiance Mfrs.
Clay B. Wade, South- Eastern Underwriters
Assn. (Alternate to J. \V. Morris, Jr.)
Of vital importance as well as from the
a economical) }'
(Alternate to Dean olds.)
If. S. Rohinson, Oil Insurance Assn. (alter-
Win. B. White, National Automatic La "n-
po-
tentially hazardous conditions such tanks may present, that
a
>'
natc to L. Miller.)
dry and Cleaning Council. (Alternate to
\\'ard A Gill)
proper methods of installation be understood and practiced.
Corresponding Members,t
The text outlines the proper methods for installing Linder-
_
"
Dr. Ing. Gert Magnus, Branddirektur,
eermaiiS, liuuptfeucnvache, Alarm-
ingvar Stromdahl, Statens Brandinspek-
tiun, Box 7os7, Stockholm
ground tanks, minimizing losses and detecting leaks, protect-
beim,
Beim, Germany.
7, s,weden,
ing contaminated areas and detecting sources of seepages and
gives methods for their removal. These methods can be only
fNoa- voting member.
o eneral as each
c case encountered will have its, own p.eculiari -.....
.
.
Iles.
4,
4 tw
X
V V4,
'8'. 4k
'T
z
R"
IN
5
9
32 -4 ~LEAKAGE FROW RG
UNDEROUND
TV-
7
n'
h ti
0
Tireis prevenbon'i. r 6�onQmic6-.,�-both, iieq -st:c j
Ali
and:
"6�f fdbricati6ii and installation
-W
d dr`7 d s' orf� t I fe, life ok .the �' V.
0 ex-fend i]7'�
'
tank and to prevent leaka-6. Therefore', operating "methods
which will detect leaks promptly should be employed. Re-
e or leakage
liable methods for locating the source of spillage CHAPTER 1 9
employed and responsibility should be eniplo) I onsibi I lity for such investigation
Recommended Safeguards for the should be established. An effective and safe method should
Installation of Underground Tanks be used for testing each individual tank suspected of leaking.
A
G.-neral
Underground tanks provide a widely accepted method Installation
for storage of flammable and combustible liquids. Such stor-
The excavation for an linder-romid tank should provide
age is frequently under buildings or driveways, permitting .1
Z3 a firm level base. ledges or lil'.,4di spot,; which might stress the
other uses of the area above the tanks. 1� In
tank should he avoided. Care should he taken particularly
when a tank is to he placed in filled or rocky ground. A bed
These liquids in underground tanks seldom become in- of clean sand at least six inches in depth should he placed in
volved in fires even when buildings above them burn to the
ground. However, when a tank s buried it is not, like an the bottom of the hole.
Z� 17
aboveground tank, accessible for inspection, maintenance and
painting. The tank -should be placed in the hole with care. In some
cases the tank is equipped with Iti-s so cables can he attached
The labor of replacing an underground tank is often for lowering the tank with a crane or shovel boom. A hoist on
much greater than the cost of installation of the original tank an auto wrecker is sometimes useful for small tanks. Drop-
or the value of the replacement tank. Therefore, securing pin- the tank or rollin,-, it into the hole should be avoided.
maximum leak-free life from a tank is good economics. The Such handling may break a weld or puncture or damage the
entrance of water into a tank, or leakage of product out of a tank metal, and may scrape off the protective coating if
tank or its connected piping, can also cause serious economic the tank has been coated. If no other method is available,
loss and possible hazards to adjacent property. however, and the tank- must be rolled into the hole, ropes
should be used to control movement of the tank while it is
Because visual inspection of underground tanks is im- being lowered.
possible, minor leaks may go undetected for some time, par-
ticularly if inventory control is inadequate. The small quanti- Piping g should be installed free of leaks, and in a manner
which might evaporate harmlessly aboveground, may be
ties, to prevent leaks from developing. Welded, screwed 'oints or
protected from evaporation by -round cover. In well drained approved connectors should be used. Flanged joints are not
areas, such liquids usually dissipate harmlessly. However, recommended for underground service but if used, they should
where a high water table exists, or where the liquid follows be of steel. Threaded Joints and connections should be made
natural or sewer drains, under-round piping or conduits, es- up tightly with a suitable lubricant or piping compound. Hard
caping liquid may travel some distance underground. setting compounds, such as litharge or red lead are not recom-
mended.
A low flash point flammable liqiiid may create a hazard
i& if it enters a basement, utility manhole or similar subgrade Pipes passing through concrete should be in pipe sleeves,
enclosure where vapors may accumulate and a source of
...... mastic or be otherwise free. If not so protected, settlement,
1. ignition may exist. Fortunate] - y, in Occupied premises these frost action, vibration, or traffic may break or loosen the
vapors usually manifest themselves by odor at concentrations piping.
below the flammable range.
- 4-5
7' Z-777' 77 77 7-7 7.
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��r�� „!.• �;; :, �i +" ,•, .. �, .t a,� 4" �i 'i.£ ;a}.�C:Sit ,N .§.�� �,, _�. ie! +�_� t �, Ik, .1,.;
%`73i'.s,.;;.. "C'.�.,_` -(, ,,,".F�• .,!,,',C�, 'j -e.. ,:fir `1. fS �y a_ `'(* Ar 1V ,y[ SA r y, ';'�(, s a... Li °{'y`?: .S� %,. •'r fir. r ^wv F "S i 'fi ill- ..c- '",�•,`,'?�
e : :Si :''.r'e'a��i, :lia•f. i:•; _'GY,`e.�?lt s!„-s "..i�,s_. 91j,.. :f°`"il'nk'`k:' °�'•.,s13' i; }. ..nom`." a`�. tk' L.`. �. :. °R ✓f l.. f.•. 'wn`' 1..,te.. ..
.. $; r� o e w „ail.. . -..'' w.`•if t �.r_: ` .•°..:a 'tea :� .a _�?.. � a:::,xtl'tfr' ;�
k1� '. •' . • ' . ;.. 'j'1".. ., ..�'1 '"n "':i
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�5
329 LEAKAGE Fit UNDERGROUND
w
•'.
TANKS
ti- _
` After the tank is c��
y
it - -� f,a. /i'.1L ,� T• .y'3. •�, '�
`° �INSTALLr1fiIO i �� a 329jfiJ
.h
' °h� -'1i�
;i }_
°•
pied, both i ino .and t ;
d P.P. a. auk -shld
teste See Chapte i, l f_;
/ �4 s <-
;F
.
ry
a -
Rr
and Chapter 'I V,•of the Flammab e* Proper bacykl fills, the 'Ilse o"i n
and Combustible Liquids. Code, ec essary7 measures
sand
or earth in which it is usually specified that a tank must be
buried. It- is this foreign matter
NFPA -N6. 30.' "
elude foreign /natter frr'bm the'• excavations and back fills
In areas where a high -water table exists it may be neces-
and`
the use of ro erl applied
Pr P y PP Protective coatings especially
sary to fill the tank at once with water or product: In such
case, in
un the tank a e means for prolonging t1.ie life of tanks and
;'
addition to air test on the lines, a before _and after
piping.
'
gage reading should be taken of the li aid in the tank. Be_
cause liquid will be forced into lctiun
-s and Nvra > >ing
Coatiun 11 Js are extensively used on under-
lc ';
the s line by the air
pressure, it is desirable to first fill the tank
ti piping
round and to a much lesser extent on buried tanks. A
with liquid and
then test it hydrostatical) The irnnlediate filling-
properly selected, well applied and well inspected coating will
of the tall)
with water or product may* be avoided if sufficiept arlchora-e
often r
provide years of excellent service. Coatings, however,
ll`Iv c'two or three major deficiencies_
is p
1s attached to each end of metal Straps laid over the to of the I
tank to overcome buoyancy.
that are difficult to over-
carne. These all result from the fact that a coating is no better
v
,eJ
than its weakest spot, just as a chain- is no better than its
r
n(S iln.. .illy t.;llles, Utllerwise periect Coatings collcen-
t san back fill at least six inches on all sides of the tank Irate corrosion at a few holidays (breaks in the coatin�-
is desirable, but back fill play also be clean soil. 10 construe for example, by in! � caused,
tion debris, cinders, stones or other torei-0i material should 1 ? f)hles or rougll handling of the tank) and
be allowed to get ' consequently; actually accelerate corrosion.
act into the excavation. bcicl: f 11 should be "yell
tamped and, where subject to traf=fic, tank and piping should
be protected by adequate cover.
sec hTe Flannnableland11Coulbustilllc oil Ligtlidsa Code, NFI1A No. 3o
Corrosion
Solis with low eicctrical resistance, such as nligllt be
found 111 tilled land, are usually" Very COITUSIVC. SOIIS tCllicll
do not perluit rapid drainage of water also are usually cullo-
sive. When ail excavation IS made in a heavy f;npervious clay
and sand back fill is used around a tan):, the back fill )nay
actually become a Moisture holding pocket. If the moisture is
rich in solullle 's-alts, a eery cnrl'osive condition may result.
i llIS condition frequently occurs in clay soil areas where salt
IS used for snow and ice re;lloval. "idle salt laden water seeps
Into the pocket Around thr tank and what was once a non -
Corrosive SO'] beC011les a very corrosive environment.
(:atlodic protection of tank and pilp:M buried ill such
soils is usually the hest actIn11 10 be t•Il :ems tc,r „rc)1011 ll :11e
IIfC i)r S11C11 talila ..I IIt.I plpllly• C ath,( d1c prott'Ct' -on 1S tilt' ai )pll-
catirnl of a direct current f]I -7\\ ing to the Metal be,
ng* 1)rntected
that is of sufficient magnitude to prevent currclits from leav-
ing the metal. Cathodic protection is applied by two Ille'llods.
:'onletllnes the required current flow is established by creating
a battery ill the ground which will force current in the prober
direction. An anode of a more active metal is buried in the
ground and electrically connected to the tank :Ind pipes to be
Protected. The protected tank becomes the cathode of the
battery and current flows toward it. l'Iane.sium is now the
most frequently used sacrificial or galvanic anode although
zinc and aluminum are sometimes used. _
— - - -- -In ?1-e -other mctlicd'of cathodic- ilrotectioii, direct current
from all external source is forced from an artificial ground bed
The foregoing discusses the prevention of leaks from
mechanical causes during installation. However,
t
tank and piping meetinn
these recommendations caul develop leaks
through corrosion.
In fact, all corrosion is electrochemical
in nature. There are three principal cans. for
^s corrosi
one or all of which may be present. on, arty
1. The nature of some soils in which the tank is buried.
The nature of cone in
•'.
soils which- the tank is buries] is of the
greatest 1111pOrtlnce. Two soils with different
properties in
contact with the Yank or ilrpirlg will set up corrosive action
very rapidly, ']'his is particularly true if
�}
construction debris,
cinders, shale or other foreign matter is mixed even in
+-
4
very
small quantities with the normal back fill. Every effort must
be made therefore to keep
r
all such foreign material out of the
excavation. It is even more important
that cinders, shale and
other foreign matter be kept out of the G inches of clean
sand
or earth in which it is usually specified that a tank must be
buried. It- is this foreign matter
that ' ;e
_ _es
n. . the- r . 1 :ce - station
indu :str•y-its bi gest corrosion problems.
Solis with low eicctrical resistance, such as nligllt be
found 111 tilled land, are usually" Very COITUSIVC. SOIIS tCllicll
do not perluit rapid drainage of water also are usually cullo-
sive. When ail excavation IS made in a heavy f;npervious clay
and sand back fill is used around a tan):, the back fill )nay
actually become a Moisture holding pocket. If the moisture is
rich in solullle 's-alts, a eery cnrl'osive condition may result.
i llIS condition frequently occurs in clay soil areas where salt
IS used for snow and ice re;lloval. "idle salt laden water seeps
Into the pocket Around thr tank and what was once a non -
Corrosive SO'] beC011les a very corrosive environment.
(:atlodic protection of tank and pilp:M buried ill such
soils is usually the hest actIn11 10 be t•Il :ems tc,r „rc)1011 ll :11e
IIfC i)r S11C11 talila ..I IIt.I plpllly• C ath,( d1c prott'Ct' -on 1S tilt' ai )pll-
catirnl of a direct current f]I -7\\ ing to the Metal be,
ng* 1)rntected
that is of sufficient magnitude to prevent currclits from leav-
ing the metal. Cathodic protection is applied by two Ille'llods.
:'onletllnes the required current flow is established by creating
a battery ill the ground which will force current in the prober
direction. An anode of a more active metal is buried in the
ground and electrically connected to the tank :Ind pipes to be
Protected. The protected tank becomes the cathode of the
battery and current flows toward it. l'Iane.sium is now the
most frequently used sacrificial or galvanic anode although
zinc and aluminum are sometimes used. _
— - - -- -In ?1-e -other mctlicd'of cathodic- ilrotectioii, direct current
from all external source is forced from an artificial ground bed
At "'t .-A
Ox
'LEA,, 29
YYECT1NGWLEA,"GE
lid, MINIMIZING LOSSES AND DL 3
329—& AKAGI� t40m
RGROU.N
it
tW
1AP
to th-6 metal ',to .'be,,, p'rotecf�d. Rd.aifi'er�dre mos genera y
used as the current source and carbon or, scrap i e -1j" tect Leakage steel sections Methods to Minirnize"Los�es'*and e
--provide adequate ground beds. Cathodic protection systems
should'be de-energized during maintenance of the tank and The Problem
piping, and this protection system should be operated at not
round or
When a tank is buried two or three feet under-
over the recommended voltage. Suitable warning signs should 6
under I concrete pavement or s14 detection of leaks is diffi-
be displayed where such protection is installed.
-theless there 'are effective methods to indicate
Cult Nevei I
4
tIOI)S Lll(l tit the beginning ;IIILI end of each accoulitlil, period,
aCCU1*,'LtC 111VClIt0I'V Should be lilade hv 0 e Co;,,tt2!1t,-;
of C:lCh 1111der'.1-11 I
g C C
uIld tanl-. Al hallical 111'i"Cs "l, slllblntCrged
1-i-e pipes with Check %-;tl1.CS Should be
Wage I used for tanks anaer
lmildings.
Stock loss control can be accomplished by one of the
following methods: (1) (-';aging of tanks before and after bulk
deliveries; (2) (liecking the (II.I..tritity of . li I
(III (I through the
open tank vehicle doines on arrival and again for complete
emptying before leavin',,; (3) If delivery is by meter, the meter
readings should be observed before and after each delivery.
An additional reason for gaging a tank before bulk de-
liveries liveries is to determine whether the receiving tank has ade-
quate unused capacity to-hold the quantity to be delivered.
Sometimes * '
overflo%ved product may seep- underground and
I
71
-ell
`
iT
44
2. The action of two dissimilar metals in the tank and
lie ther such a tank or connected piping is leaking. One or
piping system. The corrosive action of two dissimilar metals
more of thes"'c inctlIods should be used as a re-ular part of
in the tank and piping system occurs at points - where valves
L4oml blisilicss pr()CC(IIII-e. ( )thers are employed when leakage
and fittings of steel and brass, or other such dissimilar metals
1. 1 1
1 L a )e liecess,
is suspected. More extensive nictliod's III 'y I' necessary when
are connected. Obviously such combinations of metals Should
It has bCCI1 tll:tt t1ICI_C IS IL'akI(Tc sorlic%vhCre in a
be avoided wherever possible.
6
neig-liborhood and ordinary. methods have failed to disclose
3. Stray currents. Stray currents may set tip corrosive
the source.
act-on but their presence may be difficult to determine until
j
7
after the action has pro-r'cssed to the pq*iit where damage
'Stock Control
has been done to the tank or piping. When currents froin all
external source flow on burled metal objects and leak off of
A tcal�iii 1;m!� inav ci
create I potci-itial hazard the vapors
the metal to cause corrosion, the resulting- deterioration is
Seel) into sewers, Iiianlioles or basements, but many leaks are
usually called stray current electrolysis. Stray currents call
s(delv economic losses to the operator. NAThether it be storage
come from street car systems using the rails for a negative
in(: denial-to a bi,-, or the principal merc. 1(. 1.
hal lise Al
I
railroad signal systems, direct Current generators,
return, rai 6 b
vcutory of a local gasoline dealer, leak conuol is economically
Therefore, I direct
plating equipment, electric furnace equipment, elevators,
Z�
1 illport-ant. ore, not surprising that econorni
surprising economic
electrolytic chemical process equipment and direct current
n—_
I _ Inetl_ i ods are the - -;host eficctive means of control.
industrial equipment. Even alternating current equipment
AC INVPNTORY CONTROL LL 131: MAIN-
A SHA
such as resistance welders which allow direct current compo-
TAINED FOR EACH UNDERGROU.N.D. TANK.
nents to escape on metal grounds may be responsible for corro-
A stick- accurately callbrated in gallops-or a stick marked
j
sion. Where stray currents are suspected a thorough invest*-
in inches accompanied by a gale chart for each particular
gation should be made and proper corrective measures taken.
tank, IS :111 CS-,C1lt1;L1 ins entory t001. At the be-Inning of o-cra-
4
tIOI)S Lll(l tit the beginning ;IIILI end of each accoulitlil, period,
aCCU1*,'LtC 111VClIt0I'V Should be lilade hv 0 e Co;,,tt2!1t,-;
of C:lCh 1111der'.1-11 I
g C C
uIld tanl-. Al hallical 111'i"Cs "l, slllblntCrged
1-i-e pipes with Check %-;tl1.CS Should be
Wage I used for tanks anaer
lmildings.
Stock loss control can be accomplished by one of the
following methods: (1) (-';aging of tanks before and after bulk
deliveries; (2) (liecking the (II.I..tritity of . li I
(III (I through the
open tank vehicle doines on arrival and again for complete
emptying before leavin',,; (3) If delivery is by meter, the meter
readings should be observed before and after each delivery.
An additional reason for gaging a tank before bulk de-
liveries liveries is to determine whether the receiving tank has ade-
quate unused capacity to-hold the quantity to be delivered.
Sometimes * '
overflo%ved product may seep- underground and
I
71
-ell
`
iT
44
1 4 Y IF. "4 'r , ,,
A
SX,
X11, , - I �' i�,; , r2, ,
A
4
:7-
Y
3 9- LEAKAGE FROM UNDERGROUND TA KS ne. 2 10',
k
'41NIMIZING LOSSES AND DEACTIN6 LE.&-�G`-
V III '
appears in Sewers,;`r�inhdles 'or. basementg"'e en q le" e, Som
Yi -�and create -iioll. Wileil"compar-iii n-, I -V* xt morn-
ter, sta i-
distance away, or some tlm� I a- eate a haz Ard or 9 ty.,`Chaifg e el" ihe ne
falsely indicate a leaking tank. If a sp'fll Occurs, the fire de ing it might be necessary to compute and allo ' id"r expansion
w
partinent should be called, the proper personnel in the com or contraction of the liquid, if a considerable quantity was
delivered to III
an making the delivery should be notified, and a record fill the tank, and the delivery temperature varied
d
several degrees from the underground temperature.
should be made of the gallons spilled. The fire department
should call the an tation or other S i r affected departments and
rM1 ski, take proper steps to eliminate or control the hazard.
Water Accumulation
Accurate gage readings taken at the end of each shift or There is another way in vchich stick agiii- may disclose
day, together with the records of deliveries and sales, should
ol
In niany -IrUls of the country where there is a hl,gli
any liquid loss. Most service stations have dispensing ground -water 1-water level, and alillust' a- where
disclose a .1cak
11) in \\ et rainy
pumps with totalizing meters. A station operator should check weather, a leak may let water into the tank. If the end of the
three ways: by gage stick for quantity removed from the tank -
by meter 0 Stick J)(iudically smeared �vith v.-�jtcr_*
for quantity delivered; and cash received. A discrep- indl-a Mly
ancy could mean a loss paste, a shai'li, Ii
but not necessarily a leak. 'lie bet-een the t-%vo colors ,vIII show the
presence (A %vater the thll!C. 'I'llis Illcxpen_-�!ve pzl.iftc, ubta;n-
Many underground tanks contain liquid for use rather ahle fl-()Ill scr�ice stat*
Iull equiplilcilt 1'ellUtill> 1111-
than for sale, as in factories or fleet terminals. 'I'llese resent I ��asolllle ()I- other pctrolcuill pj-()�Ijct IOUL Chjllo-eS
additional pi 1) 1 ." - "I
procedures nitist
-oblems in inventory control, and pi color npoll touchina water.
be established to accurately measure and record products used. The presence of v,,atej- lit all undergroui-id tanl� (if
CA-
Cases of severe leakage have occurred III such installations and lieces-sardy mean there is 'a !leak. In wet weather, the water
because the orilly records kept were of liquids delivered, the
may be entering the taljj,� through a defective or irnp-.-op.-;+.-
leak was not discovered for some 'Lime. tightened Still Z�, -a 6
surface fill or gage cap. Operators S!',OLI]d ckeA-
Lhese after every filling 1 gaging. Any discrepancy between the recorded quantities received and 1 Threads should be good,
into and those removed from the tank should e ts in place and In good condition and the caps - f -,,.! I v�
'd be investigated. +:cYlitened. Grease on tt"
Inaccuracy of either the delivery or dispensing device could ill permit tightening;
the threads IV*
cause a discrepancy. threaded fittings more easily and xvill also help seal out water. "
Small accumulations of water may also result from coil-
Small discrepancies, however, may result from evapora- densation. VVarrn litimid, -,]'I- drav,-n i
tion. Temperature changes also affect volume measurements
into tanks as product is
• c pumped out may cause droplets to f(,Irnl oil taid•1- sides at
and these should be calculated. One of the following methods
can be used to determine the presence of a leak. cooler under,)-rot'
Z� Wd temperatures. Upon refilling, these will
be washed to the bottom� of the tank.
Overnight Tests Leaks in Piping
4 A simple test to determine the presence of a lea A leak in underground piping one of the most difficult
take an accurate stick reading k is to o detect. A tank fill line leak z- can cause loss during each
when the station closes at night
t d
L, delivery but none in the intervals between. A leak in vent
and another reading the following morning before opening for
business. A loss during tll* Piping may also occur when the tank is overfilled.
is period, v�hen there has been no
delivery or withdrawal of liquid, may indicate a leak. How-
ever, this test might not disclose a sinarl leak, a leak near the Piping Leaks in Suction System
top of the tank, or in the piping. To check these places,
arrangements can often be made for a delivery to completely A leaky Suction line to the dispensing pump is more easily
fill the tank i.-ItO -the -fill or gage iPipej -st b) f before lo detected. Air- may be drawn' th' le
dust e o closing ng of the e ak when the pump
is running and product leaks out when the pump stops.
x
V
4
4
13
✓ ni�
e
4
A;I !tq-
v
I
in the morning or between periods of operation could indicate
Tests and Procedures for Determining the Existence of -
1W v,
a leak in the suction line.
Leaks in Underground Tanks and Piping
'a
i f.
329712 r
LEAKAGE 'FROWUNDERGR6UND .,TANKS,
V*V
E
2
14 14'
Altho,w-h' i V"4� , I' "� V 4-
t a 16e' :merehr
13
a] pumping
in the suction line, "If in the-line'on the first p`u` ng operat*
ion
'CHAPTER" 3
pj�� 14
in the morning or between periods of operation could indicate
Tests and Procedures for Determining the Existence of -
a leak in the suction line.
Leaks in Underground Tanks and Piping
i f.
f% `2
Piping Leaks in Remote Pumping Systems
When it is suspected that an under-round tank or its
connected piping may be leaking, the following steps may be
A leak in a remote pumping system \\,lth submerged pump
used to confirm or refute the leakage. Experience has demon
Zn
'r
�01
discharge piping to a dis-
may involve the pump and/or the dischart,
strated that testing with all- or water is ineffective and tests
_,9
1.4
penser, causing product loss during dispensing. A remote
ith ali- also may be dangerous.
pumping system with a nonsubinerl-ed pump may also experi-
ence a leak in the suction
uction piping.
Suction systems should utilize the suction line testino,
procedure and the tank and connected pipe testing procedure.
Reinote pumping systems with SLIbillcr-ed pumps should
utilize the discliar,,,-e line testing procedure and the tank and
connected pipe testing procedure.
l."Clilute pumping systems with nonsubiner...ed pumps
shotil(l utilize suction line procedure, discharge line procedure,
J_ i',
and the tank and connected piping test procedure.
:4
Suction Line Testing
To inspect dispensing units of suction systems and above-
rlOUnd for leaks, dispensing
piling remove the panels of the
•
unit to expose the pump body, air eliminator, meters and prod-
A observation I
uct piping. ; close obsei on will reveal the existence or
absence of leaks at -joints and fittings. A vulnerable point in
the product piping is in that section between the -round and
the pump body.
The attendant at the service station should be questioned
operation o' the di
about the opei I I dispensing unit. If there evidence
of hesitation in delivery or no delivery of product at any time
after the nozzle is opened, it usually indicates that the suction
line is not full. This can be the result of either an improperly
operating check' valve, or of a leak in the suction line. The
check valve should be checked and if necessary, put in proper
operating _' condition. The check valve may be a foot valve
located at the end of the suction line in the tank, an an-le
r.- A*
check valve located at top of the tank, or an in-line check
valve located at the base of the pump in the dispensing unit.
:y
It may be advisable to disconnect the suction line at the
dispensing
pie
unit, to observe the liquid level in the line. This—'
will require disconnecting. the piping and electrical circuit and
Z,
r
... .....
.. piping
- - - - - - - - - - - - nor in 1�y the dispensing unit - fro'nithe' islatid.- With
J -- -- i
a"
ri
> t
329 -14 LEAKAGE FROM UNDERGROUND TANKS
full of liquid, observe the level for approximately 15_ininutes.
if the level drops steadily after it has been determined that
the check valve is holding, ther=e is probably a leak in the line.
It will then be necessary to uncover the suction line from
the island to the check valve to determine the location of the
leak, and appropriate steps to eliminate the leak should be
taken.
Discharge Line Testing on Remote Purnping Systems
TESTS AND PROCEDU:iES 329 -15
1. A piece of clear plastic pipe or standard weight steel
pipe approximaitely four feet long, three inches or four inches
in diameter, threaded on both ends. For repetitive use, the
steel pipe should be equipped with a boiler gage glass close
to the upper end. If this is not readily available, readings of
sutiirienl accuracy can be made by measuring from the top of
the pipe Clown to the flammable liquid level uvith a measuring
tape or ruler. ._
2. Threaded bell reducer (or coupiirtl; Mild ))ushing ;) to
connect the test pike to the fill opening; of the tank.
When there are several dispensers connected to a common
�• Dive nallon capacity Safety cans. _
supply line from the same pump, the following procedure may
be used for testing the discharge piping:
-The following procedure is applicable to the equipment
Install a pressure gage in the connection provided on
described.
the impact (emergency shutoff) valve at the base of one of
1. TO perniit maximum t:eniperattrre equalization and to
the dispensers. Close all impact (emergency shutoff) valves
help eliminate entrained air, the furl: should lee liil d shell
on the common supply line being tested.
fail uN ith the same product which is in the tank. S to 12 hours
When the pump is turned on, the pressure gage will indi-
ur more if possible, prior to making the test. 'i'lte delay for
cate a pressure reading equal to the setting of the pressure
temperature stabilization can be omitted if equipment and
relief valve on the pump.
procedures are used by which accurate temperature measure -
Turn off the pump after it has been running for a few
tueuts and volume adjustments can be calculated. For gasoline
seconds. Ii the pressure gage holds the same reading for at
the adjustment factor of 0.5 gallons per 1000 gallons per one
least 30 minutes, the discharge piping may be assumed to be
degree Fahrenheit temperature change clurtnf; the test should
free of leaks.
be used. If two or more tanks are connected Nvith siphons, all
tanks so connected must be filled. Nianifold connections be-
If a drop in pressure is observed and the check valve and
tween tanks should be disconnected and the lines capped.
pressure relief valve are functioning properly, a leak is indi-
cated in the discharge piping. When a leaking line is located,
2• Remove fill pipe cover and if necessary, remove the
the line must be uncovered and the leak repaired.
fitting onto which it screws, exposing the pipe thread on
the fill pipe. By means of a coupling, the bell reducer or
These tests shall be conducted at least yearly.
bushings attach the test pipe to' the fill opening. Threads
must be in good condition and must be made up product tight
Tank and Connected Pipe.Testing
using pipe dope if necessary. Tightly cap the fill pipe of all
other tanks connected to test tank by siphons, as all tanks
The following procedure will be useful where it is desired
so connected will be tested as a unit.
to check the tightness of any underground storage tank and
its connected piping- On suction systems, this connected
its co
3. Pumps to which this particular tank siphon is con-
would include the fill pipe, vent pipe, and i in u p'
piping P P p P P P g
netted must be temporarily taken out of service, blanked off
.
to and including the dispensing pump. On remote pumping
or disconnected. If the vent line from this tank is manifolded-
systems, this connected, piping would include the fill "and vent
to that from' any, other tank; the .dent line must be discon-
and an action ' r rn Tliere tell >be.rio >`need `to4.un ar ,
pipes, y" P.P g
Erected andcapp�ed, if:the vent Line °,selves this tank aonly, it
"foi = a
cover "the #ank or piprng`:tnless leakage is indicated. `Ky
'need not be disturbed ahe'i'resenf? , . y•. :, -
`
-Fill theiest pixie by potiriri pre duet in the to 'until
" Equf'p'ment;for makrnj, the test is-'srmple.and is,commer the= 1'evel is'close to th'eao of the a e lass,.o within a few r
Y " cially tavidlable' or• map.; be• readily, assembled from' the follow ? . }inches ?kho tom of the tet =pipe Make a- prelim parjF r~rispec=
6 in materials
.b ux .. +2" �'' 0�3W 5.a e1r _ , }. R' F yyi•{ iii. ''� R. ,ti'r, nyw.. :�n.� '�.:;AY a,�• �x�.1.'
N
-:-•- .',C,::." ri�`.:.k..a.;. `rXl`` '-�' ••� re�It"" _,"�` ; <. }4..?r
dq. • , , i -: 7-. e. �, x xi4 , r .r,'7 .. ~ �',.�.�•;� ••�� , .t„» ^ky.� �i'„,fS - .-'' �"j'.+• r , t : ?. i r�sc' , iFG. _ q":?!' r , M.,, fi, . 4 y, . .._
�-:_ ,`z.. .�td'.f. d..:,� ?,J: ,',,r'TM,,.b�_ _•c.,.r-�,: -'"`..` <;,i.. �� ,;.t ,�'a.''��i- z�.a_. ,,.� - su.;,.. .i •K'.yt `�5,
d t,.. � t: ' t}'r, .:'..y'3t ..,;,: •. ..`. -. },t, �4,"m � b �zdKr �. ^-n- Hd�,,q�,fy`L` . ,'.E . §i3s,+,�,R:!�'• tkr`, ". ih� v. --
�a� k_ ✓,�. i:. ..F.
nth r ,i t . . ,i-' 7^ ^a:�a k •'•'.":H ,� .s r , r �l,
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.:.e .� � +'� .zy ,•� '�'' • rin nnnl�� � � ..l� ..
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stir
'329-16' LEAKAGE FR M.UNDF
7p., RGRO RD TAN
V
TESTS .'AND ,pitoc 'PURES 329=1-7
tion to see thai ther&� s tino leaka�6 al the �6int wfie-re. th"e tesf-
u_ If leakage still per = i
the test' pipe 'aiid;;,' r6oeat, the test.
pipe connects t3 the fill pipe of fhetank - :_1 , , , I, �.ii *ti, I
at,the pump, or a'
:11-al tli6n it is the ta nk 'Aliaii is leaking and appropriate steps
any other point where piping is exposed.
must be taken for removal or abandonment (see NFPA No.
5. After a period of 30 minutes or more, depending on 0 101". Z\ bandonin6rit or Removal of Under-round Tanks).
the size of the ' tank, mark the liquid level on the gage glass, W liell two or niore tanks•have been tested as a unit, this
or accurately measure and record the distance from the liquid
final test must be made oil each., tank individually.
bilizing period is to
level to the top of the test pipe. This sta
1�20 , �. , : - -1 . ) - -s
allow for additional temperature change, the release of en-
trained, absorbed, or trapped air bubb"Ies, and the possible
slight bulg:ing of the head of the tank due to the increased Table I
ZZ, Z:1
pressure. The top of the test pipe should then be covered THERIMAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
(not air tight) to prevent loss by evaporation.
mow- t!,;, volumetric
6. Then constantly observe the liquid I coefficicli, of
evel in the test Expansion. per
pipe, recording differences in level every 15 minutes. Tem- Degree F.
peratiare readings of the liquid in the tank also should be .................................... 0.00035
acetate ......................... 0.00068
recorded every 15 h Amyl . ......
3 minutes. If' in level with a con- hcrlz.d (belizene) .......................... 0.00071
stant liquid temperature is more rapid than approximately Earl it disulfide .............................
0.00070
one inch in a four inch diameter test pipe, or two inches in a l,'tliyl ether ................................. 0.00098
three inch diameter test pipe per hour and is continuous, 11 thyl acetate ... 0.00079
a leak in the system is indicated. Where Lilly) alcohol ......................... ..... 0.00062
-e there is a change of F
1: tiel oil ..................................... 0.0004
quid temperature, changes in liquid volume must be c%lcu- Gasoline .................................... 0.0006
lated before a conclusion is reached as to the tightness of the
Methyl aicoliol ............................... 0.00072
............................
system. If a steady release of air bubbles is observed in the T011101 (toluene) 0,00063
test pipe, and the drop in level per hour exceeds 'that shown
above, it would be desirable to postpone the start of the test
until the release of air has decreased or stopped altogether.
Table II
It will be noted that the tests to this point include not I
only the tank but also tile fill pipe, vent line, and suction piping
NG LOSS OR GAIN
CHART FOR COMPUTI
IN STANDPIPE-IN GALS.
up to and including the ptillip. Z5 'I
1, 1 1 Nominal Pipe Sizes'
If Significant leakage is found, he necessary to dis- of
connect the piping- and repeat the test in order to determine I" Dia. I a" Dia. 1 1) ia. 2" Dia. �,14 Dia. 3" I)ia. 3 1�, " Dia. 4" Dia.
that it is the tank that is leaking and not the pipi .0008
ing. flence, if .0013 .0019 .0034 . 0053 .0076 .0104 .0136
.0016 .0026 .0038 .0068 .0106 .0152 .0208 .0272
leakage is indicate(], continue the test by taking the following
-3:"' .0024 .0397
additional steps. .0057 .0102 .0159 .0228
.0312 .0108
.0034 4.M,3 .0076 .0136 .0212 .0306 .0416 .0'544
2" .0068 .0106 .0152- .0272 .0424 .0612 .0832 .1088
7. Pump product out of the tank through the service
-1' 0102
station pump to lower the liquid level to the top of the tank. '11, - .0159 .0228 .0408 .0636 .0918 .1248- 63 2
.0 136, .0212 .0304 .0544 A848 .1224 .1664 .�176
Uncover the tank and disconnect and cap the suction connec- 5" .0170 .0265 .0380 .0680 .1060 .1530 .2080 .2720
tion of the tank. Refill the test pipe and repeat the test. If no 6"
71, .0204 .0318 .0456 .0816 .1272 .1836 .2496 .32764
leakage is. indicated, the leak must be in the suction line. If .0238 .0371 .0532 -0952 .1484 .214" .291" .3808
8" .0272 .0424 .0608 .1088 .1696 .244i .332'
the leakage persists, it must-be either in the tank or vent 8 .4352
piping, and another step will be necessary. 9" .0306 .0477 .0684 .1224 -.1908 .2754 .3744 .4896
0" .0340 .0530 .0760 .1360 .2120
.3060 .4'160 .5440
The internal diameter of different grades and
8. Pump out product to lower the level in the test pipe, /
I no types of pipe viries slightly irom the ......
ij
--- ---- Ini -11 ;)'i:c sizes-s--i-11 - �hig varian,e` *iiai,.,ever','i§*-iof-c6nsiderid to u -be' of suffic , lent
....... then., disconnect. and- cap all piping at -the -top of - the tao--1 Zignific-ance be a factor ' in the general �se of this table.
�v
A,
Mr
r
a i+.
i
` °329. 4 - � t R, � � • ;
1g 'I EAKAGE FROM UN DERGROUND.,TANK
K
s - Locating Underground Seepages
and Remedial Procedures
General
.F •
GMs -:.�r 7 ).C•' a• x'n•Si� �;
41-
,7� 3rx,d �. w ,a .Y } ,,. ..ern •µ �. t s, �. �n
}� .i �^t' ; F�1t. 1 �,,,• ...+y J.L 3 Y.1 .r y �� ��33„
1tEMEp7AL ROCEDURESZFOR S
,. wpP iuS'
Elimiriafing Sources ofiIgnition
Pe
,. K v, ,
Smoking or other sources of ignition should not be per
:Witted in the suspected area. After the presence of flammable
vapors has been verified, the, electrical and gas services to the
huilding, where possible and feasible, should be disconnected
or rut off outside the structure. The shutting off of electrical
The presence of flammable vapors in a huildin�- is aener_ , 1) 11 t in areas where flammable vapors exist has provided
P P
ally reported because of an odor. However, smell c. be the su.urce of ignition for fires and explosions. The shutting
relied upon to determine the type of va_poi• oiifs,conceiit±atiort. 'IT of the gas service outside of the building rernoves the pilot
I tip odoris strong entry sl'�ould not lie tnadc until the vapor li�`ht. and gas burners which may be sources of ig:ition.
concentration has been checked with a combustible gas indi-
cator. To enter an area in which there is an undetermined
concentration of some unknown vapor is to risl: the possibility
of fire or explosion. Also an additional life hazard may exist
because of toxic vapors or insufficient oxygen.
The use of a combustible gas indicator is the only positive
method to determine the presence and extent of a vapor con-
centration. Portable combustible gas indicators are reasonable
in price and are recommended for use by all Iire departments.
Where the fire department does not have such an indicator,
arrangements should be made for securing one or more from
utilities, oil companies or others who may have them available.
As with any equipment, a trained operator- should use the
combustible gas indicator which, of course, should be well
maintained.
When a flammable or combustible liquid has seeped into
a building, subway or tunnel, steps must be taken to protect
the public from the danger of explosion and fire. The fire de-
partment or fire marshal's representatives should be notified
immediately. (For information on flammable liquids in other
underground structures, see Flammable and Combustible Liq-
uids and Gases in Manholes, Sewers and Similar Underground
Structures, NFPA No. 328.)
Where liquids or vapor within or above their flammable
range are found in a builcling the building should not be en-
tered and evacuation of building occupants, at least in areas
exposed, should be ordered. Construction and layout as well
Wr as occupancy are factors to be.cons'dered in ordering evacu-
ation.
•.:n _ Specific procedure varies -xvith individual cases where these
c ? liquids or their vapors are found in a building but the follow -'
ing general procedure is usually in order.
Ventilation of Area
1Vl:e11 file lucsence of flauunable vapors in a building has
been verified, i�:nnediate steps slloulcl be taken to ventilate:
the area. Natural ventilation, li op ninl" winds c� s c
>' e °- � and doors,
ttta l;e ade:luate. !lpproved ,nech.uiical ventilating eduipn:ent
ut:l* be nccessary for the removal of vapors fr„m sul surface
areas. Prior to entry into the affected area, .t U)"'hustible gas
indicator should be used to determine the Concentration of the vapors. This can be done by probing through some open -
i ?:, before entering and taking continuous readings as cautious
entry is made. Ventilation should continue until the area no
6er cohtains flammable concentrations of vapors as indi-
sated by repeated tests at different locations and levels with
the combustible gas indicator.
Locating the Source
When the area has been made safe f-lr entry, it may then
cNamined to determine the sourc.'e of the flammable vapors.
If the place or places of entry of the licluici or vapors can be
determined, appropriate steps should be taken to seal off such
places. Untrapped drains, pipes or other openings through
boors or founds.tions are common sources of liquid or vapor
entry into a building.
Entrance of flammable vapors through
,,tller o eninz- P h drains, pipes, or
If necessary to prevent eadditionalb quidtor� vapors from enter -
ing the structure, a trench or one or more holes should be
dug or wellpoints installed between the structure- and the
source of the seepage. The holes, trench or wellpolnts should
lie of sufficient depth _to trap all- seepage - and- of -such size or-
numb- as to facilitate removal of the liquid which should be
-
'!:
-t�
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,. p vy n,
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r : Lr •k' rq' . a�-§ i ` y r i Syr r f ,
r.` rs`�: `x
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.4 �;y ``,teF�' my .. ;aa4 - }•.,' •'i $_ w •,?< M1 }-
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All, )� 829 20 LEAKAGE FROM UNDERGROUND TANKS t ,x
C ::, a } a y.. - RE IAL PROrEDUFkS' FORS AGES kx'
9-2
" -" z .
1fED EEP r 32 j
P $r ed nn.' drUm$' .Or .taIlk5. . SUltable -War
i w i in s nd .barrier `f W 7, - x: , ...• .:. , ..
w. should ue placed around such' holes 'or' trenches Ex erienc�} T1ie :city .oi' �,ounty .engineer,• ors other olEic al" with~ en '
_ nrc'ring maps° of the area should .b,e consulted ° Th "i's official
has sho''ivn. tha.t,_seepage may 'continue over -a long period of . `
r time and may reappear, particularly' after a rain, warrantin ' "i)liid be able to, locate the sewers and their direction of flow::
the hole or trench to r g :11su information
remain open until seepage has been elimi- 1 anon on loll conditions'ald locatiolis of existing -
i: nated. In some extreme ground contamination cases in certain y Or former stream beds may be secured from such an official.
areas it may be necessary to excavate a trench or In many sections of the country there exists a
to the water table. A sump should be provided fromawhioclh "' hard clay and liquids will flow for great 'substrata layer
the liquid can be pumped. The hole or trench may be filled ;' �nlnd on top of this clay. Ll several cases, underground '
t with coarse aggregate. streams ur river beds have been found that wil -I carry liquids
;
fin" considerable distances. An analysis of the liquid may help
It should be recognized that the appearance of flammable iu pinpointing the source of the seepage.
or combustible liquid in a sewer and the vapors in a building Where records of tank installations are kept, they may
•' does not necessarily mean that there is a leaking- tank. Sewer p i in ,uc.atln�* leaking tame Several cases
corltau�ination frequently results because a user of such liquids tiro ,enll record cuff i ]eakoc f
n tank which had been abandoned
470— __ permitted the liquid to enter the sewer. Also liquid spills may a ith liquid still remaining in it and no one knew of its iota-
(low into storm drains. tion. Reference to tanl: illstaiiation records, if then had been
- i
Generally the source of the seepage 1'�'l)t, winllct ha, c: saved Many hours of extra work in these a few blocks of the structure where the liquid or vapor is discovered. l Uses.
However, there are several reported cases where the escaped
liquid has been found a distance from one to'three miles from
the source of leakage. There also are cases on record where
the liquid entering the structure was from a leak other than
the one first discovered, or possibly from a combination of
several leaks.
1. One of the first steps to be taken in locating the
of a leak, particularly if flammable or combustible liquids ar
found in a sewer, is to ask all users of such liquids ill the
immediate area if there has been any spillage. Secondly, at
the same time inquire if there has been any loss of product
from tanks. (See Chapter 2 for information on inventory con-
trol.)
If the results of questioning users of these liquids such as
service stations and industrial plants are negative, the next
step is to determine the direction of flow. A combustible gas
indicator will be necessary for this step.
Testing of underground structures with a combustible gas
indicator should be made in widening circles from the con-
taminated area. Such underground structures would include
sewers, meter boxes and utility vaults. - Bar holes also may be
made to trace the source. By sampling the atmospheres in
these substructures it may be possible to determine the direc-
tion of flow.
Removal of Liquids
Depending on soil conditions, the liquid saturated in the
U01111 clay be difficult to remove. In some cases it has taken
1�':er a year to remove dangerous accumulations. Frequently'
c.It liirtlid will` appear only after a heavy rainfall. Rainfall, !
- aatural pockets in the ground or soil conditions will have a i
e 1W."rulg on the length of time that the liquid stays in the '
Wound and creates a hazard. r '
A trench or hole should be dug between the leak and the
structure „here the liquids or their vapors are appearing.
The removal of flammable liquids from the hole or trench l
nu.y create a severe hazard to the person or persons perform- t..
ulg this removal. Therefore, extreme care should be exercised.
I and or approved power pumps should be used ad the liquids
discharged into a drum or tank. bonding
or hose from the pump discharge with the drum or isarne
portant in order to prevent static electricity from igniting the
apors. No open flames, smoking or other sources of ignition `
Should be permitted in the area. A combustible '
may be used to determine the area where flammable daao�s x ^ k
.,•'
are present while the removal of liquid is in progress. Pre-
Pre-
cautions with a full knowledge of the ossible
flammable vapor -air mixture should a taken to safeguard
the removal operations. - -yr
.. �.. r .: 4.A :Mwr � r... _ .� .y iay ,kin � r'eJl'"i. 'w[ . .
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* V 329 -22 LEAKAGE FROM UNDERGROUND TANKS'
eti KS .'
` From the time that flammable vapors are first reported in
' 4 a structure until the time that the last vestiges of this liquid..
have been removed from the ground, the cooperation and the
coordination of many different companies and groups are
s imperative. Since liquids are a fire problem, necessary steps to
e be taken will be under the jurisdiction of the fire department.
• It therefore becomes important for the' fire department to =
tm understand the many facets of the problem and to know their
k legal authority.
1llore important than any legal authority is the ability
of the fire department to direct and secure the cooperation of
interested groups. As previously covered, the location of leaks,
testing of tanks, removal of leaking tanks, and removal of
liquid in the earth will require equipment and facilities which
may not be readily available to fire departments. 'I addition,
,nuch of the work to be done is not the responsibility of t1aw
fire department but rather the responsibility of the owner of
the leaking equipment.
' I•:egardless of the willingness of individuals or companies
to cooperate with the fire department during emernency con-
; ti ditions, the fire department should recognize that they should
•x� request this cooperation. When tanks are to be removed or
` holes dug, this work must be authorized by the owner. Such
' authorization generally is easy to- secure if the work has been
requested by the fire department. In some cases the fire de-
partment request may of necessity be in the form of a written
order. Regardless of conditions, leadership and cooperation '-
V must emanate from the fire department.
4^ ,� v, i•
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